Table 1. Association between the urogenital symptoms in rural 10–12 year old girls and urinary schistosomiasis.
| Symptoms and frequencies | In 298 urinary schistosomiasis positivea (%) | In 628 urinary schistosomiasis negative (%) | OR (95% CI)b | P | Adj. OR (95%CI)c | P |
| Bloody discharge | ||||||
| Never | 247 (83) | 608 (97) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 32 (11) | 13 (2) | 6.1(3.1–11.7) | <0.001 | 4.2 (2.1–8.5) | <0.001 |
| Always | 19 (6) | 7 (1) | 6.7 (2.8–16.1) | <0.001 | 3.3 (1.3–8.5) | 0.01 |
| Red urined | ||||||
| Never | 207 (69) | 568 (90) | 1.0 | 1 | ||
| Sometimes | 37 (12) | 34 (5) | 2.9 (1.8–4.9) | <0.001 | 2.4 (1.5–4.1) | 0.001 |
| This week | 54 (18) | 26 (4) | 5.7 (3.5–9.3) | <0.001 | 4.3 (2.5–7.2) | <0.001 |
| Malodorous discharge | ||||||
| Never | 254 (85) | 565 (90) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 20 (7) | 39 (6) | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) | 0.64 | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.69** |
| Always | 24 (8) | 24 (4) | 2.2 (1.2–4.0) | 0.007 | 2.2 (1.2–4.0) | 0.008 |
| Genital itch | ||||||
| Never | 237 (80) | 524 (83) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 39 (13) | 62 (10) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.13 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 0.12** |
| This week | 22 (7) | 42 (7) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.59 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.57** |
| Burning sensation in the genitals | ||||||
| Never | 243 (82) | 561 (89) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 34 (11) | 43 (7) | 1.8 (1.1–2.9) | 0.01 | 1.6 (1.0–2.6) | 0.05 |
| This week | 21 (7) | 24 (4) | 2.0 (1.1–3.7) | 0.02 | 1.9 (1.0–3.5) | 0.05 |
| Dysuria | ||||||
| Never | 220 (74) | 516 (82) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 55 (18) | 75 (12) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 0.005 | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 0.02 |
| This week | 23 (8) | 37 (6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 0.17 | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 0.42** |
| Genital ulcer | ||||||
| Never | 266 (89) | 598 (95) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 27 (9) | 25 (4) | 2.4 (1.4–4.3) | 0.002 | 2.4 (1.4–4.3) | 0.002 |
| This week | 5 (2) | 5 (1) | 2.2 (0.6–7.8) | 0.20 | 2.2 (0.6–7.7) | 0.21** |
| Genital tumor | ||||||
| Never | 283 (95) | 613 (98) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 12 (4) | 13 (2) | 2.0 (0.9–4.4) | 0.09 | 2.0 (0.9–4.4) | 0.09 |
| This week | 3 (1) | 2 (0) | 3.2 (0.5–19.6) | 0.19 | 3.3 (0.5–19.6) | 0.19** |
| Urge incontinence | ||||||
| Never | 184 (62) | 443 (71) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 77 (26) | 109 (17) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 0.002 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 0.002 |
| This week | 37 (12) | 76 (12) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.47 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.44** |
| Stress incontinence | ||||||
| Never | 212 (71) | 530 (84) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Sometimes | 44 (15) | 66 (11) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 0.02 | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 0.02 |
| This week | 42 (14) | 32 (5) | 3.3 (2.0–5.3) | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.0–5.3) | <0.001 |
Eight separate multivariate analyses.
Age was forced into each model and did not influence the results (data not shown).
a
The presence of at least one schistosome ova in any of the urine examined specimens.
b
Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).
c
Adjusted odds ratio, different confounding variables were included in each multivariate analysis for the specific genital symptom.
d
Red urine as seen by the child.
**
If recalculated as ‘ever had the symptom’ it is significantly associated with urinary schistosomiasis.