Grx2 is required to modulate proton leak through UCP3 in intact skeletal muscle cells. Primary myotubes from WT or UCP3−/− mice were transduced with shGrx2 lentivirus to knock down Grx2. Scrambled shRNA served as a control. a, oxygen consumption trace showing the bioenergetic responses of WT and UCP3−/− primary myotubes transduced with scrambled or shGrx2 lentiviral particles. O, oligomycin; D, diamide; F, FCCP; A, antimycin A. b, Grx2 knockdown increases proton leak in primary WT but not UCP3−/− myotubes. Student's t test, n = 4, mean ± S.E. c, immunoblot for UCP3 and Grx2 in WT and UCP3−/− myotubes knocked down for Grx2. SDH, succinate dehydrogenase.