The IL-1β concentration (a, d) and neutrophil recruitment (b, c, e and f) were quantified in peritoneal lavage fluid from wild-type (Il1rl+/+ and Trpm2+/+), Il1rI−/− or Trpm2−/− mice 6 h after intraperitoneal injection of PBS supplemented with either MSU crystals (a–c) or DOTAP liposomes (d–f). The data are representative of two independent experiments (mean and s.e.m. of three to five mice per group). (g–j) Six- to eight-week old female wild-type (Trpm2+/+and Il1rl+/+), Trpm2−/− (g, i) or Il1rl−/−(h, j) mice were subcutaneously immunized on day 0 and day 14 with 40 μg/mouse ovalbumin (OVA) alone or the same amount of OVA encapsulated within DOTAP liposomes (g and h) or mixed with LPS (25 μg/mouse, i and j). On day 24, the mice were sacrificed, and sera were collected and analyzed for OVA-specific IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2c levels by ELISA. The data are shown as geometrical mean ± s.e.m., and are representative of at least two independent experiments (n=4–5 mice per group). *, p<0.05 versus controls. Statistical significance was determined by the standard two-tailed Student’s t-test.