Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Smoking Characteristics
| Total sample (N = 40) |
Contingent (n = 20) |
Noncontingent (n = 20) |
p valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 31.0 ± 1.8 | 31.0 ± 1.8 | 31.0 ± 1.7 | .89 |
| Education (years) | 12.5 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.3 | 13.0 ± 0.3 | .22 |
| Male (%) | 33 | 40 | 25 | .31 |
| Never married (%) | 58 | 55 | 60 | .75 |
| Opioid-treatment characteristics | ||||
| Methadone maintained (%) | 63 | 60 | 65 | .74 |
| Methadone dose (mgs) | 107.6 ± 8.8 | 114.4 ± 12.6 | 101.4 ± 12.5 | .47 |
| Buprenorphine dose (mgs) | 14.9 ± 1.3 | 15.5 ± 1.9 | 14.3 ± 1.7 | .65 |
| Length of time at maintenance dose (days) | 171.8 ± 48.2 | 144.6 ± 41.5 | 198.9 ± 88.0 | .58 |
| Smoking characteristics | ||||
| Cigarettes smoked in the past 7 days (no. per day) | 18.5 ± 1.8 | 17.0 ± 1.9 | 20.0 ± 1.7 | .21 |
| Age at first cigarette (years) | 12.7 ± 0.6 | 13.3 ± 0.7 | 12.0 ± 0.6 | .14 |
| M no. of years smoked regularly | 10.9 ± 1.3 | 12.4 ± 2.1 | 9.5 ± 1.6 | .29 |
| Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (0–10)b | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | .73 |
| Baseline CO (ppm) | 15.5 ± 1.6 | 13.0 ± 1.6 | 17.0 ± 1.6 | .06 |
| Baseline cotinine (ng/ml) | 1488.8 ± 136.1 | 1377.0 ± 121.6 | 1601.0 ± 150.6 | .25 |
| Planning to quit next 30 days (%) | 93 | 90 | 95 | .56 |
| Believe maintenance treatment increases smoking (%) | 45 | 45 | 45 | 1.00 |
| Smoking quit history | ||||
| Ever tried to quit (%) | 93 | 100 | 85 | .07 |
| Previous quit attempts (no.) | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 1.7 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | .76 |
| Longest duration quit (days) | 280.3 ± 120.0 | 138.7 ± 50.0 | 421.8 ± 190.0 | .13 |
| Counselor ever advised delay quitting smoking (%) | 50 | 45 | 55 | .53 |
| Counselor ever advised never quit smoking (%) | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | .31 |
| ASI subscale scores | ||||
| Medical (0–1) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | .42 |
| Employment (0–1) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | .30 |
| Alcohol (0–1) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | .78 |
| Drug (0–1) | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | .14 |
| Opiate (0–1) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | .10 |
| Cocaine (0–1) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | .65 |
| Legal (0–1) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | .29 |
| Family/Social (0–1) | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | .30 |
| Psychiatric (0–1) | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 0.2 ± 0.4 | .94 |
Note. Values represent M ± SEM unless otherwise indicated. ASI = Addiction Severity Index.
a
p values based on independent sample t tests for continuous variables and chi-square measures for categorical variables.
b
Represent score range.