Table 4.

Associations between maternal and paternal smoking and confounders

	Odds of Maternal and Paternal Smoking During Pregnancy
	Maternal smoking			Paternal smoking
Confounder	OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
ALSPAC (N=4604)
Maternal Education   (non-degree vs degree)	3.61	2.66, 4.88	<0.001	2.94	2.37, 3.65	<0.001
Paternal Education   (non-degree vs degree)	3.23	2.52, 4.13	<0.001	2.81	2.34, 3.38	<0.001
Income   (lowest quarter vs rest)	2.69	2.23, 3.24	<0.001	3.02	2.55, 3.57	<0.001
Occupation   (manual vs nonmanual)	2.68	2.20, 3.28	<0.001	2.53	2.11, 3.03	<0.001
Maternal anxiety/depression 1   (highest quarter vs rest)	1.70	1.43, 2.03	<0.001	1.46	1.25, 1.70	<0.001
Paternal anxiety/depression 1   (highest quarter vs rest)	1.31	1.10, 1.57	0.003	1.44	1.24, 1.68	<0.001
Maternal prenatal alcohol   (≥1 glass/wk vs less)	1.81	1.49, 2.21	<0.001	1.33	1.11, 1.58	0.002
Paternal prenatal alcohol   (≥1 glass/day vs less)	1.01	0.83, 1.24	0.9	1.58	1.34, 1.95	<0.001
Pelotas 1993 (N=523)
Maternal education   (≤10 years vs higher)	2.11	1.17, 3.82	0.01	1.94	1.18, 3.17	0.009
Paternal education   (≤10 years vs higher)	3.84	1.90, 7.77	<0.001	2.09	1.25, 3.49	0.005
Income   (lowest quarter vs rest)	1.40	0.89, 2.21	0.1	2.08	1.34, 3.24	0.001
Occupation   (proletariat vs bourgeois)	1.26	0.77, 2.08	0.4	1.47	0.93, 2.30	0.1
Maternal psychiatric problems   (yes vs no)	1.36	0.87, 2.14	0.2	1.64	1.06, 2.53	0.03

¹Maternal and paternal anxiety/depression scores represent combined scores on prenatal and postnatal depression and prenatal anxiety