Table 5.
Associations of maternal and paternal smoking in pregnancy with offspring psychological problem subtypes
| Offspring Psychological Problems, Score | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual Maternal-Paternal Models |
Mutually Adjusted Maternal-Paternal Models |
|||||||||||
| Model I * | Model II** | Model I * | Model II** | |||||||||
| Parental Smoke | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P |
| Hyperactivity /Attention problems | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| ALSPAC | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 1.46 | 1.31, 1.62 | <0.001 | 1.17 | 1.05, 1.31 | 0.004 | 1.37 | 1.22, 1.53 | <0.001 | 1.17 | 1.04, 1.31 | 0.009 |
| Paternal smoking | 1.28 | 1.17, 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.06 | 0.96, 1.16 | 0.3 | 1.17 | 1.07, 1.29 | 0.001 | 1.02 | 0.92, 1.12 | 0.7 |
| Pelotas | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 1.56 | 1.08, 2.25 | 0.02 | 1.38 | 0.94, 2.03 | 0.1 | 1.48 | 0.99, 2.19 | 0.05 | 1.35 | 0.90, 2.01 | 0.1 |
| Paternal smoking | 1.31 | 0.94, 1.82 | 0.1 | 1.17 | 0.82, 1.68 | 0.4 | 1.18 | 0.82, 1.69 | 0.4 | 1.10 | 0.76, 1.60 | 0.6 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Emotional/Internalizing problems | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| ALPSAC | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 1.05 | 0.94, 1.17 | 0.4 | 1.00 | 0.89, 1.12 | 0.96 | 1.05 | 0.94, 1.18 | 0.4 | 1.01 | 0.90, 1.14 | 0.8 |
| Paternal smoking | 1.01 | 0.92, 1.11 | 0.8 | 0.97 | 0.88, 1.07 | 0.5 | 0.99 | 0.90, 1.10 | 0.9 | 0.97 | 0.87, 1.07 | 0.5 |
| Pelotas | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 0.98 | 0.68, 1.41 | 0.9 | 0.95 | 0.65, 1.39 | 0.9 | 0.99 | 0.67, 1.46 | 0.9 | 0.97 | 0.65, 1.45 | 0.9 |
| Paternal smoking | 0.98 | 0.69, 1.38 | 0.9 | 0.92 | 0.65, 1.32 | 0.7 | 0.98 | 0.68, 1.42 | 0.9 | 0.93 | 0.64, 1.36 | 0.7 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Conduct/Externalizing problems | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| ALSPAC | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 1.65 | 1.48, 1.84 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 1.30, 1.63 | <0.001 | 1.52 | 1.36, 1.71 | <0.001 | 1.40 | 1.24, 1.58 | <0.001 |
| Paternal smoking | 1.36 | 1.24, 1.49 | <0.001 | 1.22 | 1.11, 1.34 | <0.001 | 1.20 | 1.09, 1.33 | <0.001 | 1.12 | 1.02, 1.24 | 0.02 |
| Pelotas | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 1.67 | 1.17, 2.39 | 0.005 | 1.72 | 1.18, 2.51 | 0.005 | 1.68 | 1.13, 2.50 | 0.01 | 1.72 | 1.14, 2.58 | 0.009 |
| Paternal smoking | 1.15 | 0.82, 1.60 | 0.4 | 1.16 | 0.82, 1.63 | 0.4 | 0.98 | 0.68, 1.42 | 0.9 | 0.96 | 0.66, 1.39 | 0.8 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Peer/Social problems | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| ALSPAC | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 1.46 | 1.31, 1.63 | <0.001 | 1.23 | 1.09, 1.37 | <0.001 | 1.42 | 1.27, 1.56 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 1.10, 1.40 | <0.001 |
| Paternal smoking | 1.19 | 1.09, 1.31 | <0.001 | 1.02 | 0.92, 1.12 | 0.7 | 1.07 | 0.97, 1.18 | 0.2 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.03 | 0.4 |
| Pelotas | ||||||||||||
| Maternal smoking | 1.45 | 1.00, 2.11 | 0.05 | 1.45 | 0.98, 2.14 | 0.06 | 1.43 | 0.98, 2.11 | 0.09 | 1.44 | 0.97, 2.15 | 0.07 |
| Paternal smoking | 1.15 | 0.80, 1.63 | 0.5 | 1.10 | 0.76, 1.60 | 0.6 | 1.05 | 0.73, 1.51 | 0.7 | 1.02 | 0.70, 1.50 | 0.9 |
Ordinal logistic regression; Odds ratios of having offspring in higher scores for psychological problems in maternal smokers vs non-smokers
ALSPAC n=6735; Pelotas n=509
*
Model I: unadjusted
**
Model II: adjusted for maternal education, paternal education, income, social class