Table 6.

Associations of maternal and paternal smoking in pregnancy with offspring psychological problems adjusted for socioeconomic and parental psychopathology factors

	Offspring Psychological Problems, Score
Parental Smoke	OR	95% CI	P
	Hyperactivity / Attention problems
ALSPAC
Maternal smoking	1.01	0.87, 1.18	0.9
Paternal smoking	1.03	0.91, 1.17	0.6
Pelotas
Maternal smoking	1.44	0.94, 2.19	0.09
Paternal smoking	1.04	0.71, 1.50	0.8
	Emotional / Internalizing Problems
ALSPAC
Maternal smoking	0.95	0.81, 1.11	0.5
Paternal smoking	0.93	0.82, 1.06	0.3
Pelotas
Maternal smoking	0.99	0.66, 1.50	0.98
Paternal smoking	0.85	0.58, 1.24	0.4
	Conduct / Externalizing
ALSPAC
Maternal smoking	1.24	1.07, 1.46	0.005
Paternal smoking	1.11	0.98, 1.26	0.1
Pelotas
Maternal smoking	1.82	1.19, 2.78	0.005
Paternal smoking	0.96	0.66, 1.41	0.9
	Peer / Social problems
ALSPAC
Maternal smoking	1.20	1.03, 1.40	0.02
Paternal smoking	1.01	0.89, 1.15	0.9
Pelotas
Maternal smoking	1.46	0.97, 2.19	0.1
Paternal smoking	0.98	0.67, 1.45	0.99

Ordinal logistic regression; Odds of having offspring with higher problem scores in maternal smokers versus nonsmokers

ALSPAC N=4394; Pelotas N=509; Maternal and paternal smoking adjusted for each other

All models adjusted for socioeconomic position (maternal education, paternal education, income, social class) plus:

* ALSPAC additionally adjusted for: maternal psychopathology (prenatal and postnatal depression, prenatal anxiety), paternal psychopathology (prenatal and postnatal depression, prenatal anxiety) maternal prenatal alcohol, paternal prenatal alcohol intake

* Pelotas additionally adjusted for: maternal psychiatric problems