Table 1. Excitatory modulatory effects on the respiratory rhythm.
(A): The excitatory effects of neuromodulators under standard conditions. Ach; Acetylcholine receptors, NE; adorenoceptors, 5-HT; selotonin receptors, DA; dopamine receptors, NK; neurokinin receptors, CCK;cholecystokinin receptors, M3; muscarinic3 Ach receptors, α1; α1-adorenoceptor, 2A, 2B; 5-HT2A,2B receptors, 3; 5-HT3 receptors, 4; 5-HT4 receptors, X2; P2X2 receptors, Y1; P2Y1 receptors, 1; NK1 receptors and CCK1 receptors, PAG; periaquedutal gray, X; the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, LC; locus ceruleus, RM; raphe magnus, PVN; paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, VM; ventral medulla (The origin of the ATP may come from glia which is located at superficial layer of the ventral medulla), NTS; nucleus of tractus solitarius, ambiguus; nucleus of ambiguus, q/11; Gq/11 protein, s; Gs protein, PLC; phospholipase C, PIP2 ;Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, IP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, PKC; protein kinase C, AC; adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, adenosine monophosphate, Amp.; amplitude, Freq.; frequency, Gener.; respiratory generator, Motor; respiratory related activity at the level of the motor nucleus or nerve, (↑); facilitatory effect on the respiratory rhythm, (↓); inhibitory effect on the respiratory rhythm, (+); Respiratory study was performed, (−); The respiratory study was not performed yet.
(B): Excitatory effects of neuromodulators on the respiratory rhythm under pathological conditions in vitro and in situ preparation. i/o; Gi/o protein, βγ; Gβγ protein, “Pentbarbital administration” means the specific condition under which pentobarbital sodium was applied to the slice preparation) or injected into the in situ preparation. “Activation of μ-opioid receptors” means the specific condition during which the agonist of the μ-opioid receptors was applied or injected.
| A | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receptor type | Receptor subgroup | Source of endogenous ligand | G protein | Second messengers | Excitatory modulation for respiratory rhythm in vitro |
||||
| Modulation |
Location |
References | |||||||
| Amp. | Freq. | Gener. | Motor | ||||||
| Ach | M3 | PAG?,LC?, X? | q/11 | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC |
|
|
+ | + | Shao XM et al. 2005 |
| NE | α1 | LC | q/11 | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC |
|
|
+ | + | Viemari JC et al. 2006 |
| Histamine | H1 | Tuberom ammillary | q/11 | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC | No effect |
|
− | + | Dutschm ann M et al. 2003 |
| 2A,2B | RM | q/11 | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC |
|
|
+ | + | Pena et al. 2002, Gunther et al. 2006 | |
| 5-HT | 3 | RM | − | − | No effect |
|
− | + | Johnson SM et al. 2001 |
| 4 | RM | s | AC, cAMP, PKA | ? |
|
− | + | Manzke T et al. 2003 | |
| DA | ? | PVN | s? | AC, cAMP, PKA |
|
|
− | + | Johnson R et al. 1998 |
| ATP | X2 | VM (glia?) | − | − |
|
|
− | + | Lorier et al. 2007 |
| (P2) | Y1 | VM (glia?) | q/11 | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC |
|
|
+ | + | Lorier et al. 2003 |
| NK | 1 | RM?,NTS,Ambiguus | q/11 | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC |
|
|
+ | + | Pena et al, 2004 |
| CCK | 1 | PAG,NTS,RM | q/11, s | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC | No effect |
|
− | + | Ellenberger HH et al. 1999 |
| TRH | 1?, 2? | RM | q/11 | PLC, PIP2, IP3, PKC | ? |
|
+ | − | Dekin et al. 1985 |
| B | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receptor type | Receptor subgroup | Source of endogenous ligand | G protein | Condition | Excitatory modulation for respiratory rhythm in vitro |
||||
| Modulation |
Location |
References | |||||||
| Amp. | Freq. | Gener. | Motor | ||||||
| 5-HT | 1 | RM | i/o,βγ | Pentbarbital administration | ? |
|
+ | + | Lalley PM et al. 1994 |
| 2A | RM | q/11 | Hypoxia (Gasping) condition | No effect |
|
+ | − | Tryba A et al. 2006 | |
| 4 | RM | s | Activation of μ-opioid receptor | ? |
|
− | + | Manzke T et al. 2003 | |
| 7 | RM | s | Activation of μ-opioid receptor | ? |
|
− | + | Richter DW et al. 2003 | |
| ATP (P2) | X2 | VM (glia?) | − | Hypoxia condition |
|
|
− | + | Gourine AV et al. 2005 |
| Y1 | VM (glia?) | q/11 | Hypoxia condition |
|
|
+ | + | Lorier et al. 2003 | |