Table 1.
Bisphosphonates: types and mode of action
| Generation | Type | Examples | Mode of action |
|---|---|---|---|
|
First |
NNBPs |
Etidronate |
Formation of an ATP derivative that impairs osteoclast function and induces osteoclastic apoptosis |
| Clodronate | |||
| Tiludronate | |||
|
Second |
Alkyl-amino NBPs |
Pamidronate |
Inhibits sterol synthesis via the mevalonate pathway specifically inhibiting its Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) enzyme |
| Alendronate | |||
| Ibandronate | |||
| Olpadronate | |||
|
Third |
Heterocyclic NBPs |
Risedronate |
Inhibits FPPS enzyme and stabilize conformational changes |
| Zoledronate |