Table 2.
Studies examining alterations in the expression of genes involved in GR functionality
| Citation | Type of study | Sample | Gene | Clinical assessments | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katz et al. 2012 [35] | Repeated measures | 106 pregnant women with history of depression |
BAG1 CDC37L1 FKBP4 FKBP5 NCOR1 NCOA1 NR3C1 HSP70 ST13 STIP1 HSP90 P23 PPP5C PPIA PPID |
Diagnosis based on DSM-IV criteria SCID-I BDI |
Higher expression of BAG1, FKBP5, NCOA1 and PPID during pregnancy was diminished in patients in a current depressive state. |
| Cattaneo et al. 2012 [23] | Case-control and follow-up | 74 MDD 34 Controls |
FKBP-4 FKBP-5 GR |
Diagnosis based on DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria SCAN |
Higher expression of FKBP-5 and lower expression of GR in Patients with MDD compared with controls. Significant decrease in FKBP-5 expression and increase in GR expression after 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment (escitalopram or nortriptyline) in responders only. |
| Matsubara et al. 2006 [36] | Case-control | 56 MDD 48 BPD 31 Controls |
GRα GRβ |
Diagnosis based on DSM-IV criteria HDRS |
Lower expression of GRα in patients with MDD in a current depressive state and in remission compared with controls. Lower expression of GRα in patients with BPD in a current depressive state and in remission compared with controls. No significant differences in the expression of GRβ. |
| Fujimoto et al. 2008 [37] | Case-control | 60 MDD 46 BPD 28 Controls |
Glo1 | Diagnosis based on DSM-IV criteria HDRS |
Lower expression of Glo1 in patients with MDD and BPD in a current depressive state compared with controls. No significant difference in expression of Glo1 in patients with MDD and BPD in a remissive state compared with controls. Expression of Glo1 correlated negatively with depression scores. |
BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; BPD: bipolar disorder; DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition; HAM-D: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases - 10th revision; SCAN: Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry; SCID-I: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorder.