Table 1.

Associations between low back pain and spine radiographic features

Study (year) Ref.	Setting	Sample size (n)	DSN OR (95 % CI)	OST OR (95 % CI)	FOA OR (95 % CI)
Pye et al. (2004) [37]	Aberdeen, UK	585	1.7 (1.1, 2.4)	0.7 (0.4, 1.4)	N/A
Muraki et al. (2009) [36]	Japan	2,288	a Men = 1.44 (0.89, 2.38) Women = 1.80 (1.38, 2.37)	b Men = 1.15 (0.70, 1.92) Women = 0.99 (0.69, 1.42)	N/A
de Schepper et al. (2010) [34]	Rotterdam, Netherlands	2,809	1.4 (1.1, 1.7)	1.2 (1.0, 1.5)	N/A
Goode et al. (2012) [35]	North Carolina, US	840	1.37 (1.04, 1.80)	1.11 (0.84, 1.48)	0.84 (0.61, 1.15)

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; N/A, not applicable; DSN, disc space narrowing; OST, osteophytes; FOA, facet joint osteoarthritis

^a,bUsed Kellgren-Lawrence grading atlas:

^aK-L ≥ 2 and

^bKL ≥ 3