Table 2.
Overview of studies dealing with pesticide residue determination in mosquito nets
| |
Pesticides |
Netsa |
Extraction principle |
Equipment |
Analytical data |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
& |
|
|
|
Range |
Recovery |
LOQ |
| Publications | |||||||
| 1 |
Alpha-cypermethrin [8] |
LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Tetrahydrofuran |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reflux at 90°C (oil bath temperature) during 5 min |
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
Alpha-cypermethrin [17] |
Coated LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
0.05 – 10 g/kg |
98 – 101% with RSD < 5% |
0.05 g/kg |
| |
|
|
Tetrahydrofuran |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reflux at 90°C during 5 min |
|
|
|
|
| 3 |
Alpha-cypermethrin [8,17] |
Incorporated LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
0.05 – 10 g/kg |
99 – 101% with RSD < 5% |
0.05 g/kg |
| |
|
|
Xylene |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reflux at 130°C during 30 min |
|
|
|
|
| 4 |
Alpha-cypermethrin [18] |
ITNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-ECD |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Xylene |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reflux during 60 min |
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
Alpha-cypermethrin [19] |
ITNs |
CIPAC protocol for extracting alpha-cypermethrin |
HPLC |
Not available |
||
| 6 |
Alpha-cypermethrin [9] |
LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
HPTLC-UV |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Acetone |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Shake during 10 min |
|
|
|
|
| 7 |
Deltamethrin [6] |
Coated LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
HPLC-DAD |
- |
99.7% (95% CI 98.6 - 101.6%) |
- |
| |
|
|
Iso-octane + 1.4 dioxane (80/20) + 0.15% HPLC water grade |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mobile phase: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (95/5) Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Ultrasonic bath at 80°C for 15 min + shake at room temperature at the speed of 155 beats per minute during 30 min |
|
|
|
|
| 8 |
Deltamethrin [7] |
LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
HPLC-DAD |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Xylene into a reflux flask |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mobile phase: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (+0.15% water) (94/6) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reflux during 30 min under stirring Reconstitution of the extract solution in iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (94/6) |
|
|
|
|
| 9 |
Deltamethrin [20-23] |
ITNs |
Extraction solvent: |
HPLC-DAD |
0 - 0.4 μg/mL (standard curve range) |
|
|
| |
|
|
Acetonitrile |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mobile phase: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Water/acetonitrile (90/10% v/v) |
|
|
|
|
| 10 |
Deltamethrin [24] |
Permanet2.0 |
Extraction solvent: |
HPLC-UV |
No available |
||
| |
|
|
Acetone and acetonitrile |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mobile phase: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Methanol/water (90/10) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Vortexing |
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
Deltamethrin [25] |
Coated LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
HPLC-DAD |
0.01 – 4 g/kg |
93 - 99% with RSD < 5% |
0.01 g/kg |
| |
|
|
Iso-octane + 1.4 dioxane (80/20) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mobile phase: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (+ 0.15% water) (94/6, v/v) |
||||
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Ultrasonic bath at 70°C for 15 min + shaking at ambient temperature at the speed of 150-200 beat per minute during 30 min |
|
|
|
|
| 12 |
Deltamethrin [25] |
Coated LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
0.01 – 4 g/kg |
93 - 104% with RSD < 5% |
0.01 g/kg |
| |
|
|
Iso-octane + 1.4 dioxane (80/20) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mobile phase: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Iso-octane + 1,4 dioxane (+ 0.15% water) (94/6, v/v) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Ultrasonic bath at 70°C for 15 min + shaking at ambient temperature at the speed of 150-200 beat per minute during 30 min |
|
|
|
|
| 13 |
Deltamethrin [26-29] |
LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
0.01 – 20 g/kg |
93 - 110% with RSD < 5% |
0.01 g/kg |
| |
|
|
Xylene |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reflux during 60 min |
|
|
|
|
| 14 |
Deltamethrin [10,30,31] |
ITNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-ECD |
0.05 – 150 mg/m2 |
95 - 102% with RSD between 7 - 11% |
0.05 mg/m2 |
| |
|
|
Xylene |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Reflux during 60 min |
|
|
|
|
| 15 |
Deltamethrin [32,33] |
ITNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-ECD |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Acetone |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Sonication for 30 min and standing overnight |
|
|
|
|
| 16 |
Permethrin [5] |
LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Heptane |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Stand in a water bath at 85-90°C for 45 min and shake once or twice during this time |
|
|
|
|
| 17 |
Permethrin [32] |
ITNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Chloroform |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Sonication for 30 min and standing overnight |
|
|
|
|
| 18 |
Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin, Permethrin, Etofenprox [34] |
ITNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-MSD |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Toluene |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Stirring during 10 min followed by ultra sonication 10 min |
|
|
|
|
| 19 |
Permethrin [35] |
ITNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-MSD |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Ethanol |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Stirring during 10 min followed by ultra sonification 10 min |
|
|
|
|
| 20 |
Lambda-cyhalothrin [36] |
Coated LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Acetone + glacial acetic acid (95/5) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Sonification for 30 min followed by swirling 15 min |
|
|
|
|
| 21 |
Piperonyl butoxide [37] |
LNs |
Extraction solvent: |
GC-FID |
Not available |
||
| |
|
|
Xylene |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Process: |
|
|
|
|
| Reflux during 30 min | |||||||
a Abbreviations for nets types:ITN = Insecticide-treated net; a mosquito net that has been treated by dipping in a WHO-recommended insecticide [38]. LN = Long Lasting Insecticidal Net; a factory-treated mosquito net made with netting material that has insecticide incorporated within or bound around the fibers [38].