Table 1.

Comparison of reach kinematics between environments

	Direction	N	Peak velocity (cm/sec)			Peak acceleration (cm/sec2)			Movement Time (sec)
			VE	RWE	p-value	VE	RWE	p-value	VE	RWE	p-value
S2	+45°	60	191.75 ± 45.89	149.61 ± 41.01	<0.001*	3935.09 ± 905.79	2528.42 ± 640.39	<0.001*	0.198 ± 0.055	0.235 ± 0.047	<0.001*
	−45°	59	131.08 ± 34.10	105.95 ± 35.67	<0.001*	2424.23 ± 834.51	1475.10 ± 408.14	<0.001*	0.315 ± 0.078	0.355 ± 0.058	<0.001*
S3	+45°	60	150.37 ± 34.15	184.65 ± 42.63	<0.001*	2181.49 ± 521.17	3733.70 ± 635.66	<0.001*	0.276 ± 0.080	0.230 ± 0.074	<0.001*
	−45°	60	110.46 ± 27.36	140.06 ± 41.57	<0.001*	1762.22 ± 421.91	2307.15 ± 538.38	<0.001*	0.378 ± 0.053	0.276 ± 0.042	<0.001*
S4	+45°	60	137.46 ± 32.38	138.96 ± 34.80	0.602	1950.38 ± 401.73	2260.18 ± 534.05	<0.001*	0.275 ± 0.054	0.245 ± 0.067	<0.001*
	−45°	60	100.54 ± 26.59	89.44 ± 26.83	<0.001*	1136.05 ± 213.28	1188.34 ± 249.58	0.115	0.386 ± 0.052	0.364 ± 0.053	<0.001*
S5	+45°	60	176.24 ± 50.23	176.46 ± 50.83	0.961	2460.29 ± 704.88	2591.62 ± 745.17	0.169	0.267 ± 0.075	0.218 ± 0.044	<0.001*
	−45°	58	109.49 ± 29.27	123.33 ± 41.66	<0.001*	1306.79 ± 363.51	1439.23 ± 481.84	0.031*	0.366 ± 0.066	0.330 ± 0.047	<0.001*
S6	+45°	60	193.62 ± 54.88	199.54 ± 56.15	0.125	3278.70 ± 798.53	3426.06 ± 798.53	0.161	0.199 ± 0.036	0.209 ± 0.056	0.143
	−45°	60	123.72 ± 35.52	138.26 ± 40.74	<0.001*	1846.80 ± 543.41	1933.76 ± 476.45	0.145	0.291 ± 0.057	0.284 ± 0.057	0.385
Group	+45°	300	169.89 ± 49.49	169.84 ± 50.64	0.984	2761.19 ± 1009.45	2908.00 ± 862.85	0.033*	0.235 ± 0.072	0.227 ± 0.060	0.089
	−45°	297	115.04 ± 32.47	119.53 ± 42.21	0.009*	1695.38 ± 685.39	1670.96 ± 595.12	0.570	0.339 ± 0.072	0.323 ± 0.063	<0.001*

N = Number of reach trials; VE = Virtual Environment; RWE = Real-World Environment.

* Significant differences.