Table 1.

Expression of tight junction proteins in various cellular models of oxidative stress.

BBB in vitro   model	Type of experiment	Special conditions	Documentation of BBB permeability increase	Tight junction proteins alterations	Reference
BBMEC monolayers	Hypoxic stress	Glial conditioned-media treatment	Permeability studies with [14]-sucrose	Claudin-1 shows a significant increase following hypoxic stress	[21]
BBMEC monolayers	Hypoxia/reoxygenation	none	TEER measurements and [14]-sucrose transfer across the barrier	Significant increase in expression of occludin, ZO-1, and ZO-2	[131]
Rat GP8/3.9 cells	ROS generating environment by a mixture of xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine	—	TEER FITC-dextran permeability across the barrier	Decrease of occludin and claudin-5 expression after exposure to oxidative environment	[103]
PBMEC	Hypoxia	Coculture with astrocytes/C6 glioma cells	TEER and passage of [3H]inulin	Decreased ZO-1 immunoreactivity at regions of cell-cell contact	[43]
BMVECs on a 8.0 μm matrigel-based insert	MMPs aggression	Coculture with leukemic cells	40 kDa dextran-FITC flux by flow cytometry analysis	Downregulation of ZO-1, claudin-5, and occludin	[132]
hCMEC/D3 (immortalized human BEC line)	Aβ peptides treatments	—	permeability to the paracellular tracer 70 kD FITC-dextran	Decrease in the occludin level, whereas claudin-5 and ZO-1 were unaffected	[85]
Human BMVEC	Exposure to ROS	—	TEER and monocytes migration studies	Decreased occludin and ZO-1 total content, whereas claudin-5 expression depended on the type of stressor used	[91]

BBMEC: bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells.

TEER: transendothelial electrical resistance.

PBMEC: primary cultures of porcine brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells.

BMVEC: brain microvascular endothelial cells.

ROS: reactive oxygen species.

MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases.