Table 1.
Patient characteristics and variables predictive for a reduced EQ-5D score based on univariable and multivariable unconditional regression analysis
| |
Total population |
Regression analysis for having a low score on the EQ-5D |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Median (quartiles) or % |
Comparison |
Univariable |
Multivariable |
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |||
| Age (years) |
66.2 (57.6–73.0) |
> 66 vs. ≤ 66 years |
1.77 (1.47–2.13) |
1.49 (1.08–2.06) |
| Female gender |
46.7 |
female vs. male |
1.86 (1.86–2.24) |
2.11 (1.55–2.86) |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 |
49.3 |
> 30 vs. ≤ 30 kg/m2 |
1.40 (1.16–1.68) |
1.24 (0.91–1.69) |
| Blood glucose | ||||
| HbA1c (%) |
7.4 (6.8–8.2) |
> 7.4 vs. ≤ 7.4% |
0.97 (0.80.1.16) |
0.91 (0.64–1.28) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) |
139 (118–167) |
> 139 vs. ≤ 139 mg/dl |
1.05 (0.86–1.28) |
0.91 (0.64–1.29) |
| Postprandial plasma glucose (mg/dl) |
183 (154–220) |
> 183 vs. ≤ 183 mg/dl |
1.07 (0.84–1.37) |
1.20 (0.85–1.71) |
| Antidiabetic Pharmacotherapy | ||||
| Metformin |
84.6 |
yes vs. no |
0.81 (0.63–1.61) |
0.94 (0.57–1.56) |
| Sulfonylureas |
28.1 |
yes vs. no |
1.13 (0.92–1.39) |
1.14 (0.75–1.71) |
| Glucosidase inhibitors |
2.2 |
yes vs. no |
1.19 (0.61–2.29) |
1.71 (0.56–5.18) |
| Glinides |
4.0 |
yes vs. no |
1.02 (0.63–1.66) |
1.12 (0.50–2.52) |
| Thiazolidinediones |
6.4 |
yes vs. no |
0.93 (0.64–1.35) |
1.60 (0.90–2.84) |
| DPP-4 inhibitors |
5.0 |
yes vs. no |
1.11 (0.73–1.7) |
0.97 (0.46–2.04) |
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Hypertension |
85.0 |
yes vs. no |
1.83 (1.40–2.40) |
1.62 (0.93–2.84) |
| CAD |
18.3 |
yes vs. no |
2.21 (1.73–2.80) |
1.39 (0.83–2.31) |
| Peripheral neuropathy |
13.7 |
yes vs. no |
2.51 (1.91–3.3) |
1.73 (1.03–2.93) |
| Heart failure |
10.6 |
yes vs. no |
2.01 (1.50–2.70) |
1.14 (0.67–1.95) |
| PAD |
5.9 |
yes vs. no |
1.89 (1.28–2.82) |
1.46 (0.76–2.81) |
| Clin. rel. depression |
5.3 |
yes vs. no |
10.16 (5.38–19.18) |
11.01 (3.97–30.50) |
| Stroke/TIA |
5.0 |
yes vs. no |
1.98 (1.29–3.04) |
1.37 (0.69–2.73) |
| Non-proliferative retinopathy |
3.9 |
yes vs. no |
1.76 (1.09–2.83) |
1.08 (0.54–2.15) |
| Autonomous neuropathy |
3.4 |
yes vs. no |
2.72 (1.57–4.72) |
1.34 (0.56–3.17) |
| Limb amputation |
0.8 |
yes vs. no |
2.38 (0.81–6.99) |
0.64 (0.13–3.27) |
| ≥ 2 co-morbidities* |
68.2 |
yes vs. no |
1.90 (1.55–2.33) |
1.33 (0.77–2.29) |
| CV Pharmacotherapy | ||||
| ARB |
22.3 |
yes vs. no |
1.16 (0.93–1.45) |
1.20 (0.78–1.87) |
| ACE inhibitors |
50.3 |
yes vs. no |
1.34 (1.11–1.61) |
1.08 (0.74–1.58) |
| Beta-Blocker |
47.0 |
yes vs. no |
1.58 (1.31–1.90) |
0.88 (0.64–1.23) |
| CCB |
26.2 |
yes vs. no |
1.52 (1.23–1.88) |
1.29 (0.92–1.81) |
| Diuretics |
41.2 |
yes vs. no |
1.60 (1.32–1.93) |
1.09 (0.78–1.52) |
| Statins |
41.7 |
yes vs. no |
1.28 (1.06–1.54) |
1.06 (0.77–1.46) |
| Anamn. Hypoglycaemia | 11.7 | yes vs. no | 2.01 (1.51–2.66) | 1.40 (0.88–2.22) |
Legend: *co-morbidities considered are listed under “co-morbidities” in the table; IQR interquartile range; OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; BMI body mass index; DPP-4 dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor; CAD coronary artery disease; PAD peripheral arterial disease; TIA transitory ischemic attack; CV cardiovascular; ARB angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB calcium channel blocker.