Fig. 2.

Effects of chronic sleep restriction on the transcriptome. (A) Frequency distribution of expression fold-changes after sleep restriction relative to control. Histogram of changes in all transcripts (filled area; n = 31,685 probes that target 22,862 genes) and in transcripts identified as having a statistically significant (multiplicity corrected P value < 0.05) main effect of Sleep Condition (open area; n = 744 transcript that target 711 genes), plotted separately. (B) Example expression plots for genes with a significant main effect of Sleep Condition. MNFG (A_24_P224926) (P < 1 × 10⁻⁶), DCAF5 (A_24_P940396) (P < 1 × 10⁻⁶), RORA (CPID_186) (P < 1 × 10⁻⁶), and PRDX5 (A_24_P155378) (P < 1 × 10⁻⁶). Log₂ expression values are least-squares means ± SE (Procedure Mixed, SAS). Greyed area plots represent the melatonin profile averaged for the two conditions. Note that individual data were aligned relative to the individual melatonin rhythm and sorted into discrete circadian phase bins. Because of the shift in circadian phase after sleep restriction and to individual variation, the 10 melatonin samples covered 11 circadian phase bins after sleep restriction. (C) The top 10 enriched Gene Ontology Biological Processes and Molecular Functions within the statistically significant differentially expressed gene list as identified by WebGestalt when using the human genome as a background (66). Percentages are based on the number of unique gene symbols annotated as belonging to a specific biological process/molecular function compared with the number of unique gene symbols within the entire gene list. Color bars indicate the enrichment of a process/function, where red is the most enriched (top process/function) and yellow the least enriched (number 10 of the top 10). P values are the Benjamini and Hochberg (18) -corrected P values as calculated by WebGestalt (62).