Table 1.

Summary of the various types of NPs currently being studied for their use as vaccine carriers.

	Matrix/expression system	Loading	Size	Antigen (pathogen)	Route of immunization	References
Virus-like particles	Baculovirus (Sf9, Sf21, Hi5);	20–80μg	55–60 nm (HPV)	Major capsid protein, L1 (HPV);	Intramuscular, Subcutaneous,	Kang et al., 1999; Takamura et al., 2004; Villa et al., 2005; Giannini et al., 2006; Villa et al., 2006; Olsson et al., 2007; Quan et al., 2007; Sailaja et al., 2007; Slupetzky et al., 2007
	E. coli;	50μg	100–200 nm (HIV)	fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor ligand, FL (HIV);	Intraperitoneal,
	Mammalian cells;	10μg	80–120 nm (H1N1)	gag precursor protein, pr45 (HIV);	Oral,
	Yeast			HIV env cDNA (HIV);	Intranasal
				Haemogglutinin (H1N1);
				Nicotinamide (H1N1)
				Matrix protein M1 (H1N1)
Liposomes	MPLA;	1.26mg/ml	50–500nm	R32NS1 (malaria);	Intramuscular,	Alving et al., 1986; Fries et al., 1992; Baca-Estrada et al., 2000; Zhao et al., 2007; Karkada et al., 2011; Demento et al., 2012
(non-viral lipids)	Phospholipid S100 and cholesterol;	0.005mg/ml		Cholera toxin;	Intravenous,
	Phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol	0.8–1mg/ml		Circumsporozoite (malaria);	Subcutaneous,
		0.2 mg/ml		Lipid A;	Oral,
				CtUBE fusion peptide (H. pylori);	Intranasal
				KWC Y. pestis
ISCOMs	Saponin (Quil A)	1–10μg	40 nm	HIV-1(gp120/160)	Intramuscular,	Kersten et al., 1988; Lovgren and Morein, 1988; Akerblom et al., 1993; Kazanji et al., 1994; Rimmelzwaan et al., 1994
	Phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine)	10μg		FIV(p130)	Subcutaneous,
		30μg		E. falciformis (p27)	Oral
	Cholesterol	100–500μg
	Viral proteins
Non-degradable	Gold;	1mg/ml	2–150nm	Plasmid DNA expressing haemagglutinin 1 (Influenza);	Intradermal,	Fynan et al., 1993; Bhumkar et al., 2007a,b; Bharali et al., 2008; Caputoa et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011
	Silica;		5–470nm	Hepatitis B	Intramuscular,
	Carbon				Subcutaneous,
					Intravenous
Polymeric	Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA);	42.5mg/ml	100–200nm	Docetaxel;	Intramuscular,	Musumeci et al., 2006; Dhar et al., 2009; Demento et al., 2012
		10–50μg/ml	800nm	TetHc (Tetanus);	Intravenous
	Poly(lactic acid) (PLA);		1–5μm	Hepatitis B;
	Poly(glycolic acid) (PGA);		248 nm	SBm7462 (Boophilus microplus);
	Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB);			Rv1733c (M. tuberculosis);
	Chitosan;			SPf66 (P. falciparum malaria)
				Dtxd (Diptheria)