Figure 1.

In vivo two-photon Ca²⁺ imaging of orientation selectivity and direction selectivity in GAD67-GFP and WT mice. (A,B) Optical sections of GAD67-GFP (A) and WT (B) mice at the level of layer 2/3 (about 200 μm depth) in primary visual cortex stained with OGB-1 AM (green) and astrocyte marker Sulfarhodamine 101 (red). (C,D) Pixel-based orientation maps of GAD67-GFP (C) and WT (D) mice, coding for preferred orientation (hue), response amplitude (lightness), and tuning width (saturation). (E,F) Pixel-based direction maps of GAD67-GFP (E) and WT (F) mice, coding for preferred direction (hue), response amplitude (lightness), and tuning width (saturation). (G,H) Averaged ΔF/F time courses of 4 representative neurons, 2 neurons in GAD67-GFP mice (G) and 2 neurons in WT mice (H), during stimulus presentation; stimulus orientation and direction are indicated by symbols below. The cells displayed in panels (A–H) are labeled by numbers. Scale bars: 50 μm.