Figure 4.

Written Expression Scale standard scores of the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS) for the training group as a function of speaking English as a second language (ESL) across the two time points. Mean values of 12 non-ESL (open triangles) and 13 ESL students (filled triangles) are depicted. Vertical bars indicate standard errors of mean. Non-ESL participants tended to exhibit somewhat greater improvement in writing following training than ESL speakers. This difference, however, failed to reach statistical significance.