Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and standardized literacy measures by participant group.
| Training group | Comparison group | |
|---|---|---|
| Sample size | n = 25 | n = 28 |
| Gender (male/female) | 8/17 | 12/16 |
| ESL (no/yes) | 12/13 | 22/6 |
| Age (years) | 20.08 ± 3.57 | 19.39 ± 1.37 |
| GMRT time 1 | 109.31 ± 11.77 | 113.19 ± 13.38 |
| GMRT time 2 | 113.33 ± 13.03 | 112.05 ± 14.12 |
| GMRT difference time 1 vs. 2 | p < 0.031 | p < 0.508 |
| OWLS time 1 | 86.20 ± 9.68 | 98.11 ± 14.84 |
| OWLS time 2 | 111.04 ± 15.88 | 95.61 ± 17.40 |
| OWLS difference time 1 vs. 2 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.326 |
Means ± standard deviations are shown; p-values are based on contrast analyses with a significance level set to 5%. ESL, English as a second language; GMRT, Gates MacGinitie Reading Test; OWLS, oral and written language scales, written expression scale.