Table 2.

Demographic characteristics and standardized literacy measures for the training group as a function of speaking English as a second language (ESL).

	ESL: no	ESL: yes
Sample size	n = 12	n = 13
Gender (male/female)	4/8	4/9
Age (years)	20.50 ± 4.76	19.69 ± 2.10
GMRT time 1	110.21 ± 10.70	108.49 ± 13.07
GMRT time 2	118.93 ± 13.96	108.17 ± 10.04
GMRT difference time 1 vs. 2	p < 0.002	p < 0.889
OWLS time 1	89.92 ± 6.69	82.77 ± 10.95
OWLS time 2	120.17 ± 15.28	102.62 ± 11.39
OWLS difference time 1 vs. 2	Not applicable	Not applicable

Means ± standard deviations are shown; p-values are based on contrast analyses with a significance level set to 5%; due to a non-significant Time × ESL interaction, post hoc contrasts were not applicable for the OWLS. GMRT, Gates MacGinitie Reading Test; OWLS, oral and written language scales, written expression scale.