Table 4. This compilation gives an overview of selected complications after liver transplantation. Complications are divided according to their typical manifestation into early and late complications (27, 28, e24– e30).

Early complications (1st 6 months)
Type of complication	Significance/incidence
Primary non-function	Incidence approx. 5–10%
Hepatic artery/portal vein thrombosis	Incidence approx. 3% (adults) – 8% (children)
Acute cellular rejection	Incidence approx. 20–60% within 1 year
Bile duct complications	Incidence approx. 10–15%
Bile leaks
Bile duct stenoses
Papilla dysfunction
Impaired renal function (acute kidney damage: doubling of serum creatinine, oliguria, anuria)	Incidence approx. 30–60%
Infections
Viral (suspected herpes group viral infection)	Incidence of CMV infection: approx. 30–40%
Bacterial	Incidence of CMV disease: approx. 10–20%
Mycotic	Cumulative incidence of invasive mycotic infections after 1 year approx. 8%
Late complications (from 6 months on)
Type of complication	Significance/incidence
Disease recurrence	HBV – Recurrence rate approx. 5–10%,
	HCV – Recurrence rate 100% with accelerated course in 30–40%,
	HCC – Recurrence rate approx. 20–25% after 5 years
Chronic renal insufficiency (GFR <30 ml/min, need for dialysis, kidney transplant)	Cumulative 5-year incidence approx. 24%
De novo diabetes mellitus	Incidence up to 26%
Obesity	Incidence up to 50% after liver transplant
Cardiovascular complications	Cause of death after liver transplant in approx. 10%
Ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL)	Incidence up to 20%
Chronic, non-ischemic bile duct damage, usually with multiple strictures
Development of malignancy	Risk double that of normal population; cause of death after liver transplantation in approx. 22% of patients

CMV, cytomegalovirus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; GFR, glomular filtration rate