Table 2.
Hemodynamic measurements, VAC components, and LV strain by hypertension status
| Normal BP (n = 90) |
Hypertension (n = 58) |
P (normal BP vs hypertension) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Rest | Handgrip exercise |
Δ | P | Rest | Handgrip exercise |
Δ | P | Rest | Handgrip exercise |
| Hemodynamic | ||||||||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 58.0 ± 8.5 | 65.3 ± 10.0 | 7.3 ± 5.3 | <.0001 | 55.9 ± 7.3 | 62.6 ± 11.1 | 6.7 ± 6.6 | <.0001 | .13 | .13 |
| Brachial systolic BP (mm Hg) | 109.9 ± 12.3 | 127.7 ± 15.4 | 17.8 ± 13.3 | <.0001 | 127.5 ± 17.2 | 144.8 ± 17.5 | 17.3 ± 15.0 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Brachial diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 63.6 ± 8.7 | 76.0 ± 10.8 | 12.4 ± 10.4 | <.0001 | 72.3 ± 12.2 | 81.8 ± 11.7 | 9.6 ± 11.9 | <.0001 | <.0001 | .002 |
| End-systolic BP (mm Hg) | 94.7 ± 12.1 | 108.4 ± 14.6 | 13.7 ± 11.7 | <.0001 | 112.0 ± 15.5 | 122.4 ± 13.5 | 10.4 ± 13.5 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| VAC components | ||||||||||
| End-diastolic volume (mL) | 99.3 ± 22.6 | 102.5 ± 24.0 | 3.2 ± 7.4 | .0001 | 100.8 ± 21.8 | 101.6 ± 21.8 | 0.83 ± 8.1 | .45 | .88 | .83 |
| ESV (mL) | 34.9 ± 10.0 | 38.7 ± 11.0 | 3.7 ± 4.7 | <.0001 | 31.8 ± 10.1 | 35.1 ± 11.3 | 3.3 ± 4.5 | <.0001 | .04 | .07 |
| SV (mL) | 64.4 ± 14.5 | 63.9 ± 15.0 | −0.48 ± 7.0 | .51 | 69.0 ± 14.2 | 66.4 ± 13.0 | −2.6 ± 8.7 | .03 | .10 | .31 |
| Ea (mm Hg/mL) | 1.55 ± 0.40 | 1.80 ± 0.49 | 0.25 ± 0.29 | <.0001 | 1.69 ± 0.40 | 1.90 ± 0.38 | 0.21 ± 0.26 | <.0001 | .02 | .16 |
| Ees (mm Hg/mL) | 2.99 ± 1.11 | 3.06 ± 1.06 | 0.07 ± 0.44 | .14 | 3.87 ± 1.33 | 3.83 ± 1.24 | 60.04 ± 0.73 | .70 | <.0001 | .0002 |
| Ea/Ees ratio | 0.55 ± 0.12 | 0.61 ± 0.13 | 0.06 ± 0.10 | <.0001 | 0.47 ± 0.12 | 0.53 ± 0.13 | 0.06 ± 0.10 | <.0001 | <.0001 | .0004 |
| LV strain | ||||||||||
| TDI strain | ||||||||||
| Basal-mid strain (%) | 20.8 ± 2.54 | 21.1 ± 2.95 | 0.31 ± 2.64 | .27 | 21.2 ± 2.67 | 19.6 ± 3.02 | −1.6 ± 3.0 | .0002 | .39 | .004 |
| EWD (Pa/m2) | 652 ± 174 | 748 ± 203 | 96 ± 190 | <.0001 | 859 ± 231 | 839 ± 246 | −20 ± 217 | .48 | <.0001 | .02 |
| 2D speckle-tracking strain | ||||||||||
| Basal-mid strain (%) | 20.0 ± 2.35 | 19.6 ± 2.63 | 60.39 ± 2.0 | .07 | 20.7 ± 1.98 | 19.8 ± 2.40 | −0.87 ± 2.3 | .009 | .07 | .59 |
| Apical strain (%) | 23.2 ± 2.61 | 22.3 ± 3.01 | 60.94 ± 3.2 | .007 | 24.3 ± 3.41 | 23.0 ± 3.59 | 61.36 ± 4.0 | .01 | .03 | .22 |
| Averaged strain (%) | 21.2 ± 1.77 | 20.6 ± 2.39 | −0.61 ± 2.1 | .007 | 21.7 ± 1.79 | 21.0 ± 2.02 | −0.67 ± 1.9 | .01 | .13 | .30 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD.