Table 3.

Adjusted changes of hemodynamic measurements, VAC components, and LV strain during the handgrip test by hypertension status

	Normal BP			Hypertension
Variable	Δ adjusted mean ± SE	95% CI	P	Δ adjusted mean ± SE	95% CI	P	P (normal BP vs hypertension)
Hemodynamic
Heart rate (beats/min)	6.87 ± 0.61	5.67 to 8.09	<.0001	7.50 ± 0.77	5.97 to 9.02	<.0001	.55
Brachial systolic BP (mm Hg)	16.1 ± 1.45	13.3 to 19.0	<.0001	20.5 ± 1.87	16.8 to 24.2	<.0001	.09
Brachial diastolic BP (mm Hg)	10.7 ± 1.07	8.6 to 12.9	<.0001	12.5 ± 1.37	9.8 to 15.2	<.0001	.33
End-systolic BP (mm Hg)	11.5 ± 1.26	9.03 to 14.0	<.0001	14.2 ± 1.63	11.0 to 17.4	<.0001	.24
VAC components
End-diastolic volume (mL)	3.18 ± 0.85	1.50 to 4.86	.0003	0.86 ± 1.11	−1.33 to 3.05	.44	.12
ESV (mL)	3.82 ± 0.51	2.81 to 4.83	<.0001	3.17 ± 0.66	1.87 to 4.46	<.0001	.46
SV (mL)	−0.90 ± 0.80	−2.47 to 0.68	.26	−1.61 ± 1.04	−3.67 to 0.45	.12	.61
Ea (mm Hg/mL)	0.24 ± 0.03	0.18 to 0.30	<.0001	0.21 ± 0.04	0.14 to 0.29	<.0001	.49
Ees (mm Hg/mL)	−0.005 ± 0.06	−0.12 to 0.11	.94	0.08 ± 0.08	−0.076 to 0.23	.32	.43
Ea/Ees ratio	0.072 ± 0.011	0.051 to 0.093	<.0001	0.051 ± 0.014	0.023 to 0.078	.0004	.25
DTI strain
Basal-mid (%)	0.0003 ± 0.28	−0.55 to 0.55	.99	−1.13 ± 0.35	−1.82 to −0.43	.008	.018
EWD (Pa/m2)	72.3 ± 21.3	30.2 to 114.4	.0009	16.4 ± 27.8	−38.6 to 71.4	.56	.14
2D strain
Basal-mid (%)	−0.33 ± 0.22	−0.77 to 0.20	.15	−1.05 ± 0.29	−1.63 to −0.48	.0004	.06
Apical (%)	−1.44 ± 0.34	−2.12 to −0.76	<.0001	−1.17 ± 0.44	−2.06 to −0.29	.01	.65
Averaged (%)	−0.78 ± 0.20	−1.18 to −0.38	.0002	−0.86 ± 0.26	−1.37 to −0.34	.0014	.83

Changes were adjusted for sex, values at rest, and age.