Table 1. Screening Performance of Diabetes Risk Scores for Diabetes, Dysglycemia, and Metabolic Syndrome Among 451 Participants in Rural Kerala, India.
| Diabetes Risk Score | Optimal CutOffa | High Riskb, % | Sensitivityc, % | Specificityd, % | PPVe, % | NPVf, % | AROCg (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetesh | |||||||
| IDRS (14) | ≥60 | 49.0 | 85.7 | 59.4 | 32.6 | 94.8 | 0.80 (0.76–0.85) |
| Ramachandran et al (15) | ≥24 | 35.3 | 71.4 | 73.0 | 37.7 | 91.8 | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) |
| Chaturvedi et al (16) | ≥22 | 29.9 | 65.5 | 78.2 | 40.7 | 90.8 | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) |
| Aekplakorn et al (17) | ≥7 | 45.5 | 79.8 | 62.4 | 32.7 | 93.1 | 0.78 (0.72–0.83) |
| ADA questionnaire (1) | ≥6 | 37.3 | 70.2 | 70.3 | 35.1 | 91.2 | 0.74 (0.69–0.80) |
| Bang et al (2) | ≥3 | 25.5 | 59.5 | 82.3 | 43.5 | 89.9 | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) |
| AUSDRISK (3) | ≥15 | 27.3 | 67.9 | 82.0 | 46.3 | 91.8 | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) |
| FINDRISC (4) | ≥6 | 37.7 | 73.8 | 70.6 | 36.5 | 92.2 | 0.81 (0.75–0.86) |
| Danish Risk Score (5) | ≥18 | 39.7 | 73.8 | 68.1 | 34.6 | 91.9 | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) |
| DESIRi (6) | ≥3 | 41.7 | 66.7 | 64.0 | 29.8 | 89.4 | 0.72 (0.66–0.78) |
| Rotterdam Prediction Model 1 (7) | ≥6 | 12.2 | 28.6 | 91.6 | 43.6 | 84.8 | 0.58 (0.50–0.65) |
| Dysglycemiaj | |||||||
| IDRS (14) | ≥60 | 49.0 | 83.1 | 63.1 | 44.3 | 91.3 | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) |
| Ramachandran et al (15) | ≥23 | 40.4 | 74.6 | 71.8 | 48.4 | 88.8 | 0.80 (0.75–0.84) |
| Chaturvedi et al (16) | ≥15 | 58.3 | 90.7 | 53.2 | 40.7 | 94.1 | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) |
| Aekplakorn et al (17) | ≥7 | 45.5 | 77.1 | 65.8 | 44.4 | 89.0 | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) |
| ADA questionnaire (1) | ≥6 | 37.3 | 65.3 | 72.7 | 45.8 | 85.5 | 0.73 (0.67–0.78) |
| Bang et al (2) | ≥2 | 43.9 | 74.6 | 67.0 | 44.4 | 88.1 | 0.75 (0.69–0.80) |
| AUSDRISK (3) | ≥13 | 37.3 | 72.0 | 75.1 | 50.6 | 88.3 | 0.80 (0.76–0.85) |
| FINDRISC (4) | ≥5 | 45.2 | 75.4 | 65.5 | 43.6 | 88.3 | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) |
| Danish Risk Score (5) | ≥18 | 39.7 | 71.2 | 71.5 | 46.9 | 87.5 | 0.75 (0.70–0.81) |
| DESIR (6) | ≥3 | 41.7 | 63.6 | 66.1 | 39.9 | 83.7 | 0.71 (0.66–0.77) |
| Rotterdam Prediction Model 1 (7) | ≥6 | 12.2 | 25.4 | 92.5 | 54.5 | 77.8 | 0.56 (0.50–0.63) |
| Metabolic syndromek | |||||||
| IDRS (14) | ≥60 | 49.0 | 81.8 | 65.3 | 50.7 | 89.1 | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) |
| Ramachandran et al (15) | ≥22 | 48.6 | 78.8 | 64.6 | 49.3 | 87.5 | 0.79 (0.75–0.84) |
| Chaturvedi et al (16) | ≥21 | 34.6 | 75.9 | 83.4 | 66.7 | 88.8 | 0.87 (0.84–0.91) |
| Aekplakorn et al (17) | ≥7 | 45.5 | 81.0 | 70.1 | 54.1 | 89.4 | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) |
| ADA questionnaire (1) | ≥6 | 37.3 | 56.2 | 71.0 | 45.8 | 78.8 | 0.65 (0.59–0.71) |
| Bang et al (2) | ≥2 | 43.9 | 63.8 | 64.9 | 45.4 | 79.7 | 0.65 (0.59–0.71) |
| AUSDRISK (3) | ≥11 | 48.1 | 81.8 | 66.6 | 51.6 | 89.3 | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) |
| FINDRISC (4) | ≥4 | 55.4 | 94.2 | 61.5 | 51.6 | 96.0 | 0.84 (0.80–0.88) |
| Danish risk score (5) | ≥13 | 55.0 | 77.4 | 54.8 | 42.7 | 84.7 | 0.70 (0.64–0.75) |
| DESIR (6) | ≥3 | 41.7 | 89.1 | 79.0 | 64.9 | 94.3 | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) |
| Rotterdam Prediction Model 1 (7) | ≥6 | 12.2 | 13.9 | 88.5 | 34.5 | 70.2 | 0.41 (0.35–0.46) |
Abbreviations: PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; AROC, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; CI, confidence interval; IDRS, Indian Diabetes Risk Score; ADA, American Diabetes Association; AUSDRISK, Australian type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment Tool; FINDRISC, Finnish Diabetes Risk Score; DESIR, Data From the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
Score value with maximum sensitivity and specificity.
Proportion of people requiring confirmatory biochemical testing.
True positives/true positives + false negatives.
True negatives/true negatives + false positives.
True positives/true positives + false positives.
True negatives/true negatives + false negatives.
Derived by plotting 1-specificity on the x-axis and sensitivity on the y-axis.
Fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or on antidiabetes medication, or both.
Clinical risk score.
Impaired fasting glucose (fasting plasma glucose 110–125 mg/dL and not on antidiabetes medication) or diabetes (fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL or on antidiabetes medication, or both).
Three or more of the following: raised triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL or treatment of this lipid abnormality), reduced HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women, or treatment of this lipid abnormality), raised blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85mm Hg or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension), or raised fasting plasma glucose (≥100 mg/dL or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes).