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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Mar 25.
Published in final edited form as: Recent Pat Biomark. 2011;1(1):49–59.

Table 7.

Biomarkers Currently Under Study for AKI(115)

Time Frame Established AKI Early Detection Prognosis Death
Serum NGAL, Cystatin C,
Carb-Hb		 NGAL
Cystatin C
Pro-ANP
Neutrophil-CD11b		 NGAL ,RRT,
Cystatin C		 IL-6, IL-8, IL-10
Urine NGAL, IL-18
GST, NAG
α-1 microglobulin
KIM-1, NHE-ɜ
MMP-9		 NGAL, IL-18,
KIM-1, GST, γ-GT,
π-GST, α-GST, AP,
NAG, LDH
MMP-9		 NGAL, RRT,
Cystatin C,
α-1-microglobulin,
β-2-microglobulin,
NAG, α-GST,
GGT, LDH, KIM-1		 NGAL, IL-18,
NAG, KIM-1

Note: Carb-Hb = carbamino hemoglobin, NGAL=neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin, IL-interleukin, KIM-1=kidney injury molecule-1, NAG = N-acetyl-β-d-glucosamide, RRT = renal replacement therapy, a-GST = a-glutathione-s-transferase, GGT = g-glutamyltransferase, LDH = lactate dehydrogenase, MMP-9=matrix metalloproteinase 9, AP = alkaline phosphatase, NHE3 = sodium hydrogen exchanger 1, ANP = atrial natriuretic peptide