TABLE 4.

Studies that examined the effects of enhancing memory on later intake

Authors	Participants and exclusion criteria	Study type and schedule	Food intake measure	Experimental conditions
Higgs et al, 2002 (10)Experiment 1	n = 20	Between-subjects design; single experimental session	Ad libitum snack intake measured in afternoon laboratory session	2 conditions: before snack eating participants instructed to write about lunch food eaten earlier in day (memory recall) or instructed to write about anything (control)
	Undergraduate female university students
	Mean age = not reported
	Mean BMI = not reported
Eligibility = no restrained eaters
Higgs et al, 2002 (10)Experiment 2	n = 23	Between-subjects design; single experimental session	Ad libitum snack intake measured in afternoon laboratory session	3 conditions: before snack eating participants instructed to write about lunch food eaten earlier in day (memory recall), lunch food eaten the previous day (control), or about anything (control)
	Undergraduate female university students
	Mean age = not reported
	Mean BMI = not reported
Eligibility = no restrained eaters
Higgs et al, 2008 (32)Experiment 1	n = 14	Repeated-measures design; 2 experimental sessions with 3–7 d between sessions	Ad libitum snack intake measured in afternoon laboratory session	2 conditions: prior to snack eating participants instructed to write about lunch food eaten earlier in day (memory recall) or lunch food eaten on the previous day (control)
	Undergraduate male university students
	Mean age = 21 y
	Mean BMI = 22.5 kg/m2
Eligibility = no diabetes, food allergies, cigarette smoking, BMI outside normal range
Higgs et al, 2008 (32)Experiment 2	n = 73	Between-subjects design; single experimental session	Ad libitum snack intake measured in afternoon laboratory session	2 conditions: prior to snack eating participants instructed to write about lunch food eaten earlier in day (memory recall) or lunch food eaten the previous day (control); additional factor of trait eating disinhibition of participants (high or low) was examined
	Undergraduate female university students
	Mean age = 20 y
	Mean BMI = 21 kg/m2
Eligibility = no diabetes, food allergies, cigarette smoking, dislike of test food, BMI outside normal range
Higgs et al, 2008 (32)Experiment 3	n = 46	Mixed design; 2 experimental sessions attended on separate days: on 1 day 1 h after consumption of set lunch, on other day 3 h after consumption of set lunch; sessions occurred on separate days, 3–7 d apart	Ad libitum snack intake measured in afternoon laboratory session	2 conditions: before afternoon snack eating in sessions participants instructed to write about lunch food eaten earlier in day (memory recall), or journey to campus (control); additional factor = trait eating disinhibition of participants (high or low)
	Undergraduate female university students
	Mean age = 22 y
	Mean BMI = 22.0 kg/m2
Eligibility = no diabetes, food allergies, cigarette smoking, BMI outside normal range, nonhabitual breakfast eaters
Higgs and Donohoe, 2011 (33)	n = 29	Between-subjects design; experimental session 2 h after consumption of fixed lunch in lunch session	Ad libitum laboratory afternoon snack intake measured in second session	3 conditions: lunch eaten with audio instructions to focus on food (enhanced memory condition), reading newspaper about food (control for food thoughts), or eating alone (control)
	Undergraduate female university students
	Mean age = 20 y
	Mean BMI = 23 kg/m2
Eligibility = not reported