TABLE 3.
Multivariable-adjusted cross-sectional relations of plasma phospholipid trans-palmitoleic acid with metabolic risk factors among 2617 US adults in the MESA1
| Quintile of trans-palmitoleic acid |
|||||||
| n2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend3 | |
| trans-Palmitoleic acid (% of fatty acids)4 | — | 0.03 (0.01–0.03) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.06–0.07) | 0.10 (0.08–0.24) | |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 2575 | 112.3 ± 1.35 | 116.8 ± 1.7 | 119.3 ± 1.6 | 118.7 ± 1.3 | 119.2 ± 1.4 | 0.005 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 2616 | 50.7 ± 0.5 | 52.0 ± 0.7 | 50.5 ± 0.6 | 50.5 ± 0.5 | 50.1 ± 0.6 | 0.18 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 2616 | 148.5 ± 3.5 | 138.5 ± 4.1 | 135.0 ± 4.2 | 132.3 ± 3.2 | 120.1 ± 3.0 | <0.0001 |
| Total:HDL-cholesterol ratio | 2616 | 4.05 ± 0.05 | 4.05 ± 0.06 | 4.18 ± 0.06 | 4.13 ± 0.05 | 4.11 ± 0.05 | 0.45 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 2617 | 95.1 ± 0.9 | 98.5 ± 0.9 | 98.2 ± 1.0 | 99.8 ± 1.0 | 97.3 ± 1.2 | 0.39 |
| Fasting insulin (μmol/L) | 2614 | 7.21 ± 0.24 | 7.41 ± 0.23 | 6.91 ± 0.22 | 6.97 ± 0.20 | 6.55 ± 0.18 | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 2617 | 127.3 ± 0.8 | 127.9 ± 1.0 | 125.9 ± 1.0 | 125.0 ± 0.8 | 124.3 ± 0.8 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 2617 | 72.9 ± 0.4 | 72.8 ± 0.5 | 71.6 ± 0.5 | 71.3 ± 0.4 | 70.8 ± 0.4 | 0.0003 |
Mean ± SE values were determined by using linear regression with robust variance estimators and adjusted for age (y), sex, race-ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, Chinese), education (<high school, high school, some college, college graduate), field center (6 sites), smoking status (never, former, current), prevalent diabetes (yes, no), alcohol use (drinks/wk), physical activity (metabolic equivalent min/wk), BMI (kg/m2), and waist circumference (cm). To convert LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 38.67. To convert triglycerides from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 88.57. To convert glucose from mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 18.0. MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
The numbers of participants with available measures for each biomarker are shown.
Tests for trend (monotonic dose-response) across quintiles were performed by assigning each participant the median fatty acid value in his or her quintile and modeling this variable as a continuous term.
Values are medians; ranges in parentheses.
Mean ± SD (all such values).