Table 3.
Selected list of up- and down-regulated genes in different GO categories in response to hCG. 4174 genes were differentially expressed in both 5,000 IU and 10,000 IU hCG-treated samples to compare with hCG-free samples in the gene ontology analysis. Number in brackets shows the number of significantly altered transcript for each category
| GO category | Upregulated | Downregulated |
|---|---|---|
| Cellular process (1901) | Adducin 1; amphiregulin; angiotensin I converting enzyme 2; axin 2; calmodulin 1; calpain 3; calponin 2; carboxypeptidase M; caveolin 2; CD24 molecule; claudin 2; collagen, type VI, alpha 3; complement factor H; cytosolic ovarian carcinoma antigen 1; discoidin; elastase 2A; ephrin-B2; epithelial membrane protein 2; fibroblast growth factor 12; Fibronectin 1; Glucagons; growth differentiation factor 15; Insulin receptor substrate 2; laminin, beta 3; lumican; Nuclear factor I/B; placental growth factor; prostaglandin F receptor; protocadherin 19; renin; septin 6; somatostatin receptor 1; Supervillin; synapsin I; syntaxin 2; titin; | Bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II; calmodulin 3; calnexin; carboxypeptidase D; connective tissue growth factor; desmoglein 2; discoidin; docking protein 4; dual specificity phosphatase 1; dystonin; endothelial differentiation, sphingolipid G-protein-coupled receptor, 3; ephrin-B1; epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 oncogene; inhibitor of growth family, member 2; keratin 18; Kruppel-like factor 4; MAD1 mitotic arrest deficient-like 1; Nibrin; Paxillin; pituitary tumor-transforming 1; plexin C1; ras homolog gene family, member A; RAS-like, family 11, member B; replication factor C; secernin 3; secretory carrier membrane protein 1; sortilin 1; TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 3; transferrin receptor; translin; transportin 2; tumor protein p53 binding protein, 1 |
| Metabolic process (1361) | Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4; acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase; adenosine deaminase; aldehyde oxidase 1; aminoadipate-semialdehyde synthase; apolipoprotein C-I; arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, type B; argininosuccinate lyase; arylacetamide deacetylase (esterase); branched chain aminotransferase 1, cytosolic; carbonic anhydrase XII; carboxypeptidase M; carnitine O-octanoyltransferase; choline kinase beta; complement factor H; Cullin 1; fatty acid desaturase 3; fucosyltransferase 4; glutamate dehydrogenase 1; GPI deacylase; Heparanase; histidine decarboxylase; histone deacetylase 4; lactase; lactate dehydrogenase D; N-acetyltransferase 9; N-myristoyltransferase 2; phosphofructokinase, platelet; phospholipase D2; septin 11; steroid receptor RNA activator 1; titin; UDP-glucose dehydrogenase | Aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1; ATPase, Class VI, type 11A; cathepsin L2; Dimethyladenosine transferase; Ethanolamine kinase 1; fumarate hydratase; galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; galactosylceramidase; gamma-glutamyltransferase-like 3; glutaminase; cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1; glutathione reductase; hect domain and RLD 5; Keratinocyte associated protein 2; lecithin retinol acyltransferase; lipoprotein lipase; MAX dimerization protein 3; palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 2; phosphatase, orphan 1; ribonuclease H2, large subunit; ring finger and CHY zinc finger domain containing 1; secernin 3; spermine oxidase; sulfatase 2; transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 8; tripeptidyl peptidase I and II vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 |
| Nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process (644) | Adenosine deaminase; Dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 and 3; Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase; Malate dehydrogenase 1, NAD (soluble); threonyl-tRNA synthetase-like 2; thymine-DNA glycosylase; UDP-glucose dehydrogenase; UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2; valyl-tRNA synthetase | 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1; 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 3, 100 kDa; arginyl-tRNA synthetase-like; Dimethyladenosine transferase; exonuclease 1; flap structure-specific endonuclease 1; Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U; nei endonuclease VIII-like 3; nudix; pinin, desmosome associated protein; poly(A) polymerase alpha; ribonuclease H2, large subunit; senataxin; thymidylate synthetase |
| Signal transduction (551) | Calmodulin; ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase activating protein 31; CAP, adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1; G protein-coupled rece ptor 143; Janus kinase 1; GTPase activating Rap/RanGAP domain-like 3; Centaurin, gamma 1; adenylate cyclase 2; c-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase; EPH receptor B1; G protein-coupled receptor 98, 115, 133 and 176; G protein-coupled receptor, family C, group 5, member A; growth factor receptor-bound protein 7; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), gamma 8 | Plexin C1; endothelin receptor type A; protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 5; epidermal growth factor receptor; glutamate receptor; protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, F; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 13; phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, type I, alpha; Ran GTPase activating protein 1; G protein-coupled receptor 20, 125 and 171; estrogen receptor 2; calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta; regulator of G-protein signalling 3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1; G-protein signalling modulator 2; T cell receptor associated transmembrane adaptor 1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 2, alpha polypeptide; colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; protein kinase, AMP-activated, beta 1 non-catalytic subunit; ADP-ribosylation factor-like 2 binding protein; ADP-ribosylation factor-like 5B; anti-Mullerian hormone receptor, type II; calmodulin 3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 1; citron; G protein-coupled receptor 132; G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 and 5; GTP binding protein 2; guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 2; insulin receptor-related receptor; interleukin 6 signal transducer; Mitogen-activated protein kinase 12; nuclear receptor coactivator 2; phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, type II, beta; phospholipase D1; Prolactin receptor; protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 catalytic subunit; protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, F; receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2; serine/threonine kinase 4; tetraspanin 6; thyroid hormone receptor associated protein 6; TNF receptor-associated factor 4; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase |
| Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor, type 1; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase A; Insulin receptor substrate 2; interleukin 1 receptor-like 1; interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3; Membrane associated guanylate kinase; phosphatidylinositol transfer protein; phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 2, beta polypeptide; phospholipase C, beta 1; prostaglandin E synthase; prostaglandin F receptor; ras homolog gene family, member U; Receptor tyrosine kinase-like; orphan receptor 1; Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 4; somatostatin receptor 1 | ||
| Transcription (430) | Transcription factor AP-2 alpha; Kruppel-like factor 16; Nuclear factor I/B; AT-binding transcription factor 1; histone deacetylase 4; transducin (beta)-like 1X-linked; elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2; runt-related transcription factor 2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2; thymopoietin; primase; general transcription factor II; Sp1 transcription factor; transcription factor 8; MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2, polypeptide C; RNA binding motif protein 9; activating transcription factor 3; E2F transcription factor1 and2; BCL2-associated transcription factor 1; splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 8; cAMP responsive element binding protein 1; transcription elongation factor A (SII), 3; pirin; nuclear receptor interacting protein 1; transcription factor Dp-1; activating transcription factor 1 |
| Cell differentiation (315) | STAM binding protein; Cullin 1; Bone morphogenetic protein 6; caveolin 2; syntaxin 2; titin; dedicator of cytokinesis 1; filamin B, beta; laminin, alpha 3; tensin 4; ephrin-B2; p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 2; follistatin; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11b and12A; Ataxin 1; pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; clusterin; gliomedin; Transforming growth factor, beta 2; actinin, alpha 2; Neuropilin 1; placental growth factor; hepatocyte growth factor; tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 11 | Sortilin 1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1; bone morphogenetic protein 3; periphilin 1; connective tissue growth factor; Kruppel-like factor 6; senataxin; ephrin-B1; interferon-related developmental regulator 1; NGFI-A binding protein 1; myogenic differentiation 1 |
| Intracellular signaling cascade (285) | STAM binding protein; Janus kinase 1; GTPase activating Rap; Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; protein kinase C, alpha and eta; Tensin 1; growth factor receptor-bound protein 7; adenylate cyclase 2; Rho GTPase activating protein 6 | Endothelin receptor type A; dual specificity phosphatase 1; guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 13; estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta); calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta; regulator of G-protein signalling 3; phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, X domain containing 1; phospholipase D1, phosphatidylcholine-specific; natriuretic peptide receptor C; tetraspanin 6 |
| Cell cycle (266) | M-phase phosphoprotein 6; quiescin Q6 | Cell division cycle associated 5 and 8; cell division cycle 25A and 25C; checkpoint suppressor 1; spindling; karyopherin alpha 2; kinetochore associated 1; nuclear transcription factor Y, gamma; M-phase phosphoprotein 1; nibrin |
| Response to stress (208) | Titin; heat shock 27 kDa protein 1 and 3; Interleukin 17D; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha; clusterin; hypoxia-inducible protein 2; Fibronectin 1; hepatocyte growth factor; interleukin 1 receptor, type I | Heat shock 60 kDa protein 1; heat shock transcription factor 2; thrombomodulin; replication factor C; heat shock protein B6; senataxin; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 |
| Cell proliferation (168) | Axin 2; platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide; Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; cholecystokinin B receptor; Insulin receptor substrate 2; glucagons; Transforming growth factor, beta 2; somatostatin receptor 1; epiregulin; placental growth factor; amphiregulin | Insulin-like growth factor 2; epidermal growth factor receptor; vascular endothelial growth factor; fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1; bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II; platelet derived growth factor C; hepatoma-derived growth factor; ephrin-B1; proliferating cell nuclear antigen; androgen receptor; nibrin |
| Phosphorylation (152) | Janus kinase 1; cyclin-dependent kinase 3; AXL receptor tyrosine kinase; caveolin 2; neurofibromin 2, titin; protein kinase C, alpha and eta | Epidermal growth factor receptor; anti-Mullerian hormone receptor, type II; vaccinia related kinase 1; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 and 12 |
| Programmed cell death (150) | Programmed cell death 11; caspase 6; tensin 4; Apoptosis, caspase activation inhibitor; protein kinase C, alpha; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 19; growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha; osteoprotegerin; clusterin; Transforming growth factor, beta 2 | Death-associated protein kinase 1; neurofibromin 1; BCL2-like 1 and 13; caspase 2; estrogen receptor 1; protein phosphatase 1; BRCA1 associated RING domain 1; TGF-beta induced apoptosis protein 2; apoptosis inhibitor 5; p53 target zinc finger protein; PRKC, apoptosis, WT1, regulator; B-cell translocation gene 1, anti-proliferative |
| Macromolecular complex assembly (103) | Caveolin 2; Histone 1, H1c, H2ad and H3d; histone 2, H2be; hemochromatosis | Paxillin; chromatin assembly factor 1 |
| Ubiquitin cycle (101) | Ubiquitin specific peptidase 11, 13 and 32; ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C, E2S; ubiquitin specific peptidase 18, 34, 48 and 51; ubiquitination factor E4B |
| Mitosis (96) | Cyclin-dependent kinase 3; titin; cyclin A1 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 2; aurora kinase A and B; MAD2; cyclin A2, B1, B2 and G2; cell division cycle associated 5; M-phase phosphoprotein 1; nibrin |
| DNA replication (79) | Ligase IV, DNA, ATP-dependent; Topoisomerase (DNA) I | Topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha; ribonucleotide reductase M2 polypeptide; replication initiator 1; polymerase (DNA directed), eta, epsilon beta and kappa; replication factor C; topoisomerase (DNA) III alpha; exonuclease 1; replication factor C; primase; geminin |
| Protein kinase cascade (78) | Neurofibromin 2; Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; protein kinase C, alpha | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2, beta; mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 |
| DNA repair (66) | Ligase IV, DNA, ATP-dependent; Kinesin 2; cullin 4B | Polymerase (DNA directed), eta; chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 6; senataxin; nibrin |
| Growth (63) | Bone morphogenetic protein 6; activin A receptor, type IB; discoidin; WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1; Transforming growth factor, beta 2; epiregulin | Estrogen receptor 2; fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1; tumor protein p53; connective tissue growth factor |
| Enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway (61) | Activin A receptor, type IB; protein kinase C, alpha; endothelin 2, follistatin, Insulin receptor substrate 2; growth differentiation factor 15; epiregulin; Fibronectin 1 | Epidermal growth factor receptor; insulin-like growth factor 2; vascular endothelial growth factor; inhibin, beta A; colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; SMAD; bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II; Prolactin receptor; connective tissue growth factor; insulin receptor-related receptor |
| Ras protein signal transduction (54) | Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 10 | Rho GTPase activating protein 1; neurofibromin 1; ras homolog gene family, member A and B |
| Cell growth (42) | Activin A receptor, type IB; discoidin; WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1; Transforming growth factor, beta 2; sphingosine kinase 1; pregnancy-induced growth inhibitor | Estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta); fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1; tumor protein p53; connective tissue growth factor; inhibitor of growth family, member 2; androgen receptor |
| Dephosphorylation (34) | Protein phosphatase 2C; tensin 3; myotubularin 1; protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 type 3; Protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, G and M; protein phosphatase 1E and H | Dual specificity phosphatase 1, 3, 5 and16; protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 and 12; protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, A and F; myotubularin related protein 1; protein phosphatase 5, catalytic subunit; protein phosphatase 1 K; protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA |
| Nucleocytoplasmic transport (32) | Exportin 7; importin 8; transportin 2 | |
| Phosphoinositide-mediated signaling (26) | Endothelin 2; sphingosine kinase 1 | Endothelin receptor type A; epidermal growth factor receptor; aurora kinase A; replication factor C |
| JNK cascade (18) | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 6 and 13; TRAF2 and NCK interacting kinase | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 2 and 5; mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 |
| Response to hypoxia (14) | Argininosuccinate lyase; Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
| Regulation of lipid biosynthetic process (5) | Steroidogenic acute regulator, protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 1 catalytic subunit | |
| Gonadotropin secretion (4) | Follistatin | Inhibin alpha and beta A |
| Oocyte maturation (4) | Epiregulin |