Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Variables | Controls | RO | BO | OAC | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | P value | n (%) | P value | n (%) | P value | |
| Gender | 0.47 | 0.55 | 0.99 | ||||
| Male | 220 (84.6) | 189 (82.2) | 185 (82.6) | 192 (84.6) | |||
| Female | 40 (15.4) | 41 (17.8) | 39 (17.4) | 35 (15.4) | |||
| Age (yr) | 63.0 | 61.7 | 0.22 | 62.4 | 0.57 | 64.2 | 0.28 |
| Education (yr) | 12.0 | 10.8 | < 0.001 | 11.3 | 0.01 | 10.7 | < 0.001 |
| Job type | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||||
| Manua | 119 (48.0) | 107 (48.2) | 130 (59.1) | 128 (59.5) | |||
| Non-manual | 129 (52.0) | 115 (51.8) | 90 (40.9) | 87 (40.5) | |||
| GOR symptoms | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Neve | 211 (81.2) | 140 (60.9) | 60 (26.8) | 117 (51.5) | |||
| Ever | 49 (18.8) | 90 (39.1) | 164 (73.2) | 110 (48.5) | |||
| Smoking status | 0.03 | 0.40 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 102 (40.2) | 109 (48.4) | 87 (39.2) | 45 (20.4) | |||
| Ex-smoker | 107 (42.1) | 68 (30.2) | 85 (38.3) | 99 (44.8) | |||
| Current | 45 (17.7) | 48 (21.3) | 50 (22.5) | 77 (34.8) | |||
| Alcohol (g/d) | 26.1 | 22.0 | 0.15 | 22.3 | 0.21 | 19.2 | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.0 | 27.8 | 0.05 | 27.0 | 0.90 | 28.7 | < 0.001 |
| Reed stress inventory, mean ± SD | 0.014 | 0.187 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mean score (range 2-8) | 4.50 ± 2.08 | 4.11 ± 1.88 | 4.28 ± 2.08 | 3.80 ± 2.09 | |||
| Stress teenage years | 0.146 | 0.539 | 0.655 | ||||
| Mean score (range 1-5 | 1.80 ± 1.05 | 1.67 ± 0.95 | 1.86 ± 1.18 | 1.85 ± 1.17 | |||
| Stress young adulthood | 0.301 | 0.328 | 0.486 | ||||
| Mean score (range 1-5 | 2.45 ± 1.23 | 2.67 ± 1.11 | 2.34 ± 1.25 | 2.37 ± 1.24 | |||
| Stress midlife | < 0.001 | 0.038 | 0.928 | ||||
| Mean score (range 1-5) | 2.49 ± 1.26 | 3.33 ± 1.20 | 2.75 ± 1.34 | 2.50 ± 1.33 | |||
| Stress senior years | < 0.001 | 0.08 | 0.088 | ||||
| Mean score (range 1-5) | 2.07 ± 1.17 | 2.80 ± 1.42 | 2.34 ± 1.35 | 2.33 ± 1.37 | |||
| Depression | 0.107 | 0.147 | 0.109 | ||||
| Mean score (range 2-8) | 4.11 ± 1.74 | 4.42 ± 2.37 | 4.38 ± 2.25 | 3.82 ± 2.31 | |||
| Self efficacy | < 0.001 | 0.794 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mean score (range 10-40) | 32.0 ± 4.76 | 33.8 ± 4.32 | 31.8 ± 5.52 | 34.3 ± 4.89 | |||
| Self esteem | 0.828 | 0.022 | 0.034 | ||||
| Mean score (range 1-4) | 2.95 ± 0.81 | 2.93 ± 1.10 | 2.76 ± 1.04 | 3.13 ± 0.97 | |||
| Repression | 0.097 | 0.501 | 0.554 | ||||
| Mean score | 2.80 ± 0.89 | 2.64 ± 1.17 | 2.86 ± 1.05 | 2.86 ± 1.17 | |||
| Social support | < 0.001 | 0.40 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mean score (range 1-4) | 3.57 ± 0.60 | 3.82 ± 0.50 | 3.62 ± 0.63 | 3.76 ± 0.48 | |||
RO: Reflux oesophagitis; BO: Barrett’s oesophagus; OAC: Oesophageal adenocarcinoma; GOR: Gastroesophageal reflux.