Table 7.
Baseline means, standard deviations, and one-way analyses of variance for the four groups on 13 cognitive abilities.
| M | SD | F | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AM | Physical activity (n = 31) | −0.28 | 0.93 | 0.351 | 0.789 |
| Cognitive training (n = 33) | −0.06 | 0.93 | |||
| Combined training (n = 29) | −0.21 | 0.82 | |||
| Book club (n = 29) | −0.26 | 1.17 | |||
| AW | Physical activity | 0.04 | 1.02 | 1.751 | 0.160 |
| Cognitive training | −0.39 | 0.92 | |||
| Combined training | −0.07 | 1.03 | |||
| Book club | −0.42 | 0.91 | |||
| DA | Physical activity | 1.76 | 1.03 | 0.593 | 0.621 |
| Cognitive training | 1.57 | 1.26 | |||
| Combined training | 1.92 | 0.84 | |||
| Book club | 1.72 | 0.97 | |||
| DS | Physical activity | −1.25 | 0.88 | 1.568 | 0.201 |
| Cognitive training | −1.52 | 1.15 | |||
| Combined training | −1.01 | 0.73 | |||
| Book club | −1.27 | 0.84 | |||
| GC | Physical activity | −0.22 | 1.00 | 1.345 | 0.263 |
| Cognitive training | −0.42 | 0.92 | |||
| Combined training | −0.01 | 0.96 | |||
| Book club | −0.46 | 1.02 | |||
| GVM | Physical activity | −0.33 | 1.21 | 1.138 | 0.337 |
| Cognitive training | −0.35 | 1.03 | |||
| Combined training | 0.10 | 1.14 | |||
| Book club | −0.09 | 1.08 | |||
| SVP | Physical activity | −0.40 | 1.12 | 0.188 | 0.905 |
| Cognitive training | −0.36 | 1.02 | |||
| Combined training | −0.23 | 1.02 | |||
| Book club | −0.27 | 0.73 | |||
| IN | Physical activity | 0.26 | 1.75 | 0.527 | 0.664 |
| Cognitive training | 0.26 | 1.08 | |||
| Combined training | −0.04 | 0.76 | |||
| Book club | 0.00 | 1.07 | |||
| NM | Physical activity | −0.02 | 0.83 | 0.043 | 0.988 |
| Cognitive training | −0.10 | 0.85 | |||
| Combined training | −0.08 | 1.10 | |||
| Book club | −0.05 | 0.69 | |||
| PL | Physical activity | 0.32 | 1.12 | 0.018 | 0.997 |
| Cognitive training | 0.31 | 1.22 | |||
| Combined training | 0.28 | 1.06 | |||
| Book club | 0.35 | 1.21 | |||
| SH | Physical activity | −0.01 | 0.76 | 0.849 | 0.470 |
| Cognitive training | 0.22 | 0.73 | |||
| Combined training | −0.05 | 0.89 | |||
| Book club | −0.04 | 0.80 | |||
| TE | Physical activity | −0.30 | 1.19 | 0.615 | 0.607 |
| Cognitive training | −0.07 | 0.78 | |||
| Combined training | −0.13 | 1.08 | |||
| Book club | −0.38 | 1.03 | |||
| VS | Physical activity | 0.00 | 1.35 | 1.192 | 0.316 |
| Cognitive training | −0.32 | 1.24 | |||
| Combined training | 0.20 | 1.05 | |||
| Book club | −0.22 | 0.99 | |||
| WM | Physical activity | −0.37 | 1.19 | 1.242 | 0.298 |
| Cognitive training | −0.33 | 1.01 | |||
| Combined training | 0.09 | 1.11 | |||
| Book club | −0.02 | 1.10 |
AM, auditory (non-linguistic) working memory; AW, self-awareness; DA, divided attention; DS, avoiding distracters; GC, hand-eye coordination; GVM, global visual memory; IN, inhibition; NM, naming; PL, planning; SH, shifting; SVP, speed of visual-spatial information processing; TE, time estimation; VS, visual scanning; WM, verbal auditory working memory.