The time course of S4 equilibration measured from the MTSET modification of I521C inward currents. (A and C) The cells were held at −120 mV and, after a short control period, continuously exposed to 1 mM MTSET and depolarized to 0 mV (A) or +60 mV (C) for 10% of the cycle duration (i.e., 1 ms every 10 ms, 2 ms every 20 ms, etc., up to 400 ms every 4 s) until a stable current was obtained. Inward holding current levels at −120 mV were measured just before the start of each pulse, and pulsing continued until current levels no longer changed. Because the MTSET-induced increase of inward current was irreversible, only one pulse duration protocol could be applied in each cell studied. The MTSET current values were fit to a single exponential as described in Materials and methods to obtain modification rates for each pulse protocol duration. Averaged fits from three to four cells in each case are shown overlain on the mean current data for different pulse protocols, which have been normalized to the maximum change predicted from the fitting, and plotted against time of total exposure to MTSET in A and C. Note that for clarity, only selected points are plotted. (B and D) The modification rate constants from averaged fits in A and C are plotted against the depolarizing pulse duration. Single-exponential fits to the rates gave time constants of 36.0 ± 8.5 ms at 0 mV and 11.6 ± 6.3 ms at +60 mV for exposure duration.