Table 1.
Phenotypic characteristics and heritability estimates of the MetS cohort
| Trait | Mean ± STD (Male) | Mean ± STD (Female) | Heritability ± SE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body Composition |
Weight, kg |
97.73 ± 26.30 |
90.28 ± 25.92 |
0.40±0.10 |
| Height, cm |
176.34 ± 6.97 |
163.46 ± 6.95 |
0.69±0.07 |
|
| BMI, kg/m2 |
31.45 ± 8.40 |
33.95 ± 10.19 |
0.43±0.09 |
|
| Waist circumference (WC), cm |
102.12 ± 18.34 |
97.77 ± 20.16 |
0.33±0.09 |
|
| Hip circumference (HC), cm |
109.44 ± 16.52 |
117.95 ± 20.40 |
0.43±0.10 |
|
| Waist to Hip ratio (WHR) |
0.93 ± 0.08 |
0.83 ± 0.09 |
0.23±0.09 |
|
| Total Fat Mass (Fatkg), kg |
28.49 ± 13.81 |
38.01 ± 14.68 |
0.41±0.11 |
|
| Total Fat Mass (Fatpct),% |
29.78 ± 9.02 |
43.94 ± 7.79 |
0.39±0.10 |
|
| Total Lean Mass (Leankg), kg |
62.53 ± 8.23 |
45.81 ± 8.44 |
0.55±0.09 |
|
| Total Lean Mass (Leanpct), % |
74.29 ± 39.60 |
57.74 ± 28.07 |
0.38±0.10 |
|
| Subcutaneous Fat (SubQF), g |
72.61 ± 44.52 |
93.54 ± 48.94 |
0.57±0.10 |
|
| Visceral Fat (VF), g |
57.32 ± 30.54 |
42.86 ± 29.17 |
0.34±0.10 |
|
| Total Abdominal Fat (TAF), g |
128.96 ± 66.28 |
136.82 ± 69.39 |
0.54±0.10 |
|
| Respiratory Quotient (RQ) |
0.83 ± 0.09 |
0.83 ± 0.08 |
0.30±0.09 |
|
| Resting Energy Expenditure (REE), kcal/24 hrs |
1931.18 ± 327.99 |
1620.70 ± 292.96 |
0.34±0.10 |
|
| REE/weight, kcal/24hrs/kg |
20.17 ± 3.64 |
18.62 ± 3.21 |
0.37±0.11 |
|
| REE/Lean mass (REE/lean), kcal/24hrs/kg |
30.37 ± 3.83 |
35.18 ± 4.28 |
0.36±0.11 |
|
| Glucose and Insulin Responsiveness |
Fasting Glucose (FG), mg/dl |
88.53 ± 30.35 |
87.14 ± 30.83 |
0.51±0.09 |
| Fasting Insulin (FI),μU/ml |
15.96 ± 12.90 |
19.24 ± 24.53 |
0.38±0.08 |
|
| Insulin/glucose (IGR) |
0.27 ± 0.76 |
0.29 ± 0.93 |
0.35±0.08 |
|
| Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) |
3.52 ± 3.04 |
4.63 ± 9.92 |
0.38±0.08 |
|
| Insulin Sensitivity (SI), (× 10-4/min/μU/ml) |
3.32 ± 2.94 |
2.86 ± 2.79 |
0.20±0.10 |
|
| Glucose Effectiveness (SG), min-1 |
0.02 ± 0.01 |
0.02 ± 0.02 |
0.12±0.10 |
|
| Acute Insulin Response to glucose (AIRG), μU/ml × 10min |
537.09 ± 477.19 |
416.81 ± 338.89 |
0.12±0.08 |
|
| Disposition Index (DI), AUC (Insulin0-10 min) × SI |
1367.12 ± 1188.95 |
1054.62 ± 996.43 |
0.25±0.09 |
|
| Lipid Homeostasis |
Triglycerides (TG), mg/dl |
135.40 ± 208.06 |
106.45 ± 64.89 |
0.52±0.11 |
| Total cholesterol (TC), mg/dl |
193.08 ± 45.75 |
189.06 ± 40.03 |
0.29±0.08 |
|
| LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), mg/dl |
131.44 ± 40.55 |
126.95 ± 36.61 |
0.33±0.09 |
|
| Calculated LDL-C (cal. LDL-c), mg/dl |
134.83 ± 55.40 |
126.53 ± 38.97 |
0.45±0.10 |
|
| HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), mg/dl |
38.24 ± 12.05 |
43.65 ± 18.63 |
0.69±0.08 |
|
| HMED, nm |
8.83 ± 0.31 |
9.19 ± 0.50 |
0.40±0.10 |
|
| LMEDn, nm |
27.03 ± 0.70 |
27.26 ± 0.97 |
0.46±0.11 |
|
| LDL_PPD, nm |
27.17 ± 0.95 |
27.99 ± 1.30 |
0.61±0.10 |
|
| BMED, nm |
27.67 ± 1.09 |
28.07 ± 1.28 |
0.42±0.10 |
|
| Cardiovascular Performance |
Systolic Blood Pressure (sBP), mmHg |
128.69 ± 15.34 |
124.90 ± 19.07 |
0.22±0.09 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (dBP), mmHg |
78.97 ± 12.18 |
75.68 ± 10.74 |
0.22±0.10 |
|
| Pulse, beats/min |
68.59 ± 9.85 |
72.93 ± 21.31 |
0.15±0.08 |
|
| Adipokines and Cytokines |
Adiponectin, ng/ml |
6.66 ± 3.06 |
9.47 ± 4.77 |
0.60±0.09 |
| Leptin, ng/ml |
11.07 ± 10.90 |
25.34 ± 15.19 |
0.41±0.09 |
|
| TNF-alpha, pg/ml |
4.26 ± 2.67 |
3.74 ± 2.53 |
0.38±0.09 |
|
| Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) |
0.40 ± 0.95 |
0.46 ± 0.96 |
0.23±0.10 |
|
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | 3.75 ± 8.53 | 5.42 ± 9.44 | 0.20±0.09 |
The mean +/− standard deviation is shown for each of the 42 MetS phenotypes. Heritability of MetS phenotypes estimated in these 40 extended families (n=517) is shown with standard errors (SE). For nomenclature of the 42 phenotypes, refer to Materials and Methods.