Table 3.
Attributable Costs and Length of Stay of VSE and VRE Bloodstream Infections
| Costs (US$) (95% CI) | Length of stay (days) (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statistical Method | VRE BSI | VSE BSI | VRE BSI | VSE BSI |
| GLS regression model, mean | $4,479 (3,500 – 5,732) | $2,250 (1,758 – 2,880) | 2.3 (1.8 – 2.8) | 1.2 (0.9 – 1.5) |
| GLS regression model with IPW, meana | $4,036 (3,170 – 5,140) | $2,023 (1,588 – 2,575) | 2.2 (1.7 – 2.7) | 1.1 (0.9 – 1.4) |
| Matched-pairs, mediana,b | $9,949 (1,579 – 24,693) | $5,282 (2,042 – 8,043) | 3.5 (2.1 – 7.3) | 2.2 (1.0 – 3.5) |
NOTE. VRE indicates Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus; VSE, Vancomycin-sensitive enterococcus; BSI, Bloodstream infection.
The variables in the logistic regression model to create the propensity score for development of VSE or VRE BSI include demographic variables [age (5-year age intervals), non-Caucasian race, gender], medical conditions [pneumonia, aspiration pneumonitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis, non-hypertensive congestive heart failure, pulmonary heart disease, coronary atherosclerosis, cardiac dysrhythmias not including atrial fibrillation, hypertension with complications and secondary hypertension, heart valve disorders, cardiac arrest and ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, conduction disorders, peri-, endo-, and myocarditis, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus without complications, diabetes mellitus with complications, chronic renal failure, acute renal failure, solid tumor malignancy, leukemia, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, HIV infection, Clostridium difficile diarrhea, urinary tract infection, infective arthritis and osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, agranulocytosis (neutropenia), peritonitis and intestinal abscess, Graft vs. Host disease, chronic ulcer of the skin, deficiency and other anemias, hypovolemia, later complications following transplant of whole organ, complications of transplant and reattached limbs, depression, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection (prior to VSE/VRE BSI), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection (prior to VSE/VRE BSI), sensitive gram negative rods infection (prior to VSE/VRE BSI), resistant gram negative rods infection (prior to VSE/VRE BSI), non-enterococcal, non- Staphylococcus aureus, or non-gram negative rods BSI (prior to VSE/VRE BSI)], and procedures [hemodialysis, mechanical ventilation >96 hours during admission, mechanical ventilation <96 hours during admission, gastrostomy (temporary and permanent), bone marrow transplant, cancer chemotherapy, central venous catheter inserted within six months (of VSE/VRE BSI for cases and discharge date for uninfected controls)].
Data are the median values of the difference between case-control pairs and corresponding 95% confidence intervals are based on the binomial distribution.