Table 2.

Clinical Studies of Glutathione Levels in Breast Cancers

Study	Ptsa	Tumor Glutathione Levelb	γGTc	Controld	Ratioe (T/C)
(Abou Ghalia & Fouad 2000)	26	4.6 ± 0.7 mM/g-protein	Y	B	2.1*
(Albin et al. 1993)	12	22 ± 23 nmol/mg-protein	Y	P	2.0
(Barranco et al. 1994)	42		Y	P	>1
(Buser et al. 1997)	85		Y	P	>1*
	Grade 1	40.1 nmol/mg-protein
	Grade 2	24.6
(Coban et al. 1998)	39		Y	P	4.0*
	Grade 1	725 ± 555 nmol/g-tissue
	Grade 2	1018 ± 1845
	Grade 3	1218 ± 365
(El-Sharabasy et al. 1993)	23	204.5 ± 33.11 mg/g-tissue	Y	P	1.4*
(Honegger et al. 1988)	20	553.8 ± 153.9 μmol/g-DNA	Y	P	1.8*
		618.6 ± 388 μg/g-tissue			10.5*
(Iscan et al. 1998)	40	257 ± 218 nmol/g-tissue	Y	P	3.7*
(Kumaraguruparan et al. 2002)	30	17.45 ± 0.26 mg/100g-tissue	Y	P	2.3*
(Kumaraguruparan, Kabalimoorthy and Nagini 2005)	50	18.89 ± 4.21 mg/100g-tissue	Y	P	2.0*
	Stage I	18.17 ± 4.10
	Stage II	18.60 ± 1.03
	Stage III	20.63 ± 4.78
(Langemann et al. 1989)	25	677 ± 242 μmol/g-DNA	Y	P	2.9*
	43f				2.3
(Mourão de Farias et al. 2011)	20	~75 μmol/g-tissue (post chemo)	Y	P	~1
(Murray, Burke and Ewen 1987)	116	histological study
(Perry et al. 1993)	35	14.9 ± 1.5 nmol/mg-protein	Y	P	2.1*
		913 ± 110 nmol/g-tissue			6.7*
(Perquin et al. 2000; Perquin et al. 2001)	41	8.3 ± 5.7 nmol/mg-protein	Y	P	12.4*
(Rzymowska & Dyrda 1993)	25		Y	P	0.88
	Stage I	0.18 μmol/μg-protein
	Stage II	0.19
	Stage III	0.28
(Sreerama & Sladek 1997)	82		Y	H	4.3*
	primary	1130 ± 1990 nmol/mg-protein
	metastases	2120 ± 3360
(Sreerama & Sladek 2001)	16		Y
	primary	265 ± 245 nmol/mg-protein
	metastases	414 ± 406
(Woolston et al. 2011)	224	histological study
(Yeh et al. 2006)	112		Y	P	8.4*
	Stage I	498 ± 862 μM/g-tissue
	Stage II	902 ± 2084
	Stage III	230 ± 285

^aNumber of patients, and histological grade or clinical stage.

^bConcentration of glutathione or thiols in tissue. Numbers in italics indicates reports of non-protein sulfhydryls rather than glutathione.

^cDenotes whether degradation by γ-glutamyltranspeptidase was prevented (Y) or not (N) by sample processing methods.

^dDisease free tissue from healthy controls (H) or peritumoral tissue (P), or benign lesion (B).

^eRatio of tumor glutathione to control tissue levels. Gray shading indicates statistically significant T/C <1.

^fTotal patient data analyzed when combined with results of an earlier study (Honegger, 1988).

^*Asterisk indicates statistically significant differences in glutathione levels.