TABLE 3.
Logistic Regression Analyses of the Association between Parental Incarceration History and Young Adult Health Conditions: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 2007–2008
| Health Condition | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Father Incarcerationa | Mother Incarcerationb | Father Incarceration Onlyc | Mother Incarceration Onlyc | Incarceration of Both Parentsc | |
| Adjusted Odds Ratio, 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio, 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio, 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio, 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio, 95% CI | |
| Cancer | 0.93 (0.49–1.77) | 0.97 (0.41–2.28) | 0.98 (0.50–1.92) | 1.42 (0.50–3.99) | 0.67 (0.15–3.05) |
| High cholesterol | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) | 0.95 (0.58–1.55) | 1.31* (1.01–1.69) | 1.17 (0.64–2.15) | 0.52 (0.19–1.40) |
| Hypertension | 1.23 (0.98–1.54) | 1.25 (0.91–1.73) | 1.22 (0.96–1.55) | 0.95 (0.52–1.73) | 1.35 (0.79–2.31) |
| Diabetes | 0.99 (0.63–1.56) | 1.09 (0.63–1.92) | 0.98 (0.63–1.53) | 0.57 (0.19–1.73) | 0.97 (0.28–3.35) |
| Heart disease | 1.64 (0.79–3.40) | 0.40 (0.13–1.22) | 1.62 (0.77–3.39) | 0.16 (0.02–1.29) | 1.22 (0.31–4.81) |
| Asthma | 1.30* (1.06–1.60) | 1.19 (0.85–1.65) | 1.30* (1.05–1.62) | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) | 1.61 (0.99–2.62) |
| Migraine | 1.28* (1.05–1.56) | 1.23 (0.83–1.81) | 1.26* (1.03–1.54) | 1.08 (0.66–1.79) | 1.34 (0.68–2.65) |
| Depression | 1.43*** (1.15–1.77) | 1.39* (1.02–1.89) | 1.43** (1.15–1.78) | 1.60* (1.02–2.51) | 1.56 (0.87–2.79) |
| PTSD | 1.68** (1.16–2.42) | 1.46 (0.86–2.48) | 1.72** (1.21–2.45) | 1.48 (0.66–3.35) | 1.88 (0.77–4.55) |
| Anxiety | 1.44*** (1.19–1.76) | 1.28 (0.87–1.89) | 1.51*** (1.23–1.85) | 1.47 (0.88–2.46) | 1.01 (0.58–1.77) |
| Epilepsy | 1.37 (0.75–2.51) | 1.18 (0.51–2.73) | 1.43 (0.78–2.64) | 0.79 (0.26–2.44) | 0.89 (0.21–3.72) |
| ADHD | 0.98 (0.73–1.32) | 1.11 (0.68–1.82) | 0.93 (0.67–1.28) | 0.95 (0.48–1.87) | 1.40 (0.61–3.24) |
| HIV/AIDS | 3.49 (0.84–14.4) | 0.05 (0.00–1.31) | 4.05* (1.03–15.88) | 0.10 (0.00–4.19) | NA |
| Hepatitis | 0.59 (0.16–2.21) | 1.32 (0.19–9.37) | 0.25 (0.05–1.36) | NA | 2.71 (0.36–20.72) |
| Obesity | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | 0.95 (0.70–1.31) | 0.56* (0.35–0.91) |
| Fair/Poor health | 1.23 (1.00–1.51) | 0.87 (0.58–1.31) | 1.28* (1.03–1.59) | 0.97 (0.53–1.79) | 0.74 (0.38–1.44) |
ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; NA, not available because there is no variation in a health condition for a specific parental incarceration category.
Sample sizes varied from 12 136 to 14 523 due to missing data; age range was 24–34 y.
Models controlled for race, grade, gender, family structure, foreign born, father and mother education, father and mother alcoholism, maltreatment (physical, emotional, sexual), and family receipt of public assistance.
Reference group: no father incarceration.
Reference group: no mother incarceration.
Reference group: neither father nor mother incarceration.
P ≤ .05.
P ≤ .01.
P ≤ .001.