. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012 Nov 9;1832(7):972–978. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.11.001

Table 3.

Chemical inducers of autophagy and their current clinical applications.

MECHANISM	COMPOUND	CURRENT CLINICAL USE
*mTORC-dependent*
mTORC1-specific inhibition	• Rapamycin	• Immunosuppressant
	• Perhexilene
	• Niclosamide	• Antihelminthic
	• Amiodarone	• Antiarrhythmic
	• Rottlerin
Inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2	• PP242
Inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2	• Torin1
Inhibition of both class I PI3K and mTORC1	• PI103
*mTORC-independent*
Reduction of intracellular levels of IP₃	• Lithium	Mood stabilizers
	• Carbamazepine
	• Valproic acid
Regulation of camp-Epac-PLC-ε-IP₃ and Ca²⁺-calpain-G_sα pathways	• Verapamil	• Antihypertensive
	• Loperamide	• Antidiarrheal
	• Nimodipine	• Antihypertensive
	• Pimozide	• Antipsychotic
	• Nitrendipine	• Antihypertensive
	• Clonidine	• Antihypertensive, pain management, anxiolytic
	• Rilmenidine	• Antihypertensive