Table 1.

Table Overview of current evidence for the role of oligomers in neurodegenerative diseases

Proteinopathies	Toxic Protein	Protein Inclusions	Evidence for Toxic Oligomers
Synucleinopathies	α-Synuclein	Neuronal	In vitro10
PD, DLB, MSA		Lewy bodies	Cell culture16
		Lewy neurites	Animal models21,88
		Glial	Postmortem brain22,91
		Glial cytoplasmic inclusions
Amyloidopathies	β-Amyloid	Extracellular	In vitro9,149
AD, Down syndrome		Amyloid plaques	Cell culture149,150
		Vascular	Animal models149,151
		Cerebral amyloid angiopathy	Postmortem brain149,152
Tauopathies	Tau	Neuronal	In vitro153
AD, FTLD, FTDP-17, PSP, CBD		Neurofibrillary tangles	Cell culture154
		Pick bodies	Animal models155,156
		Corticobasal bodies	Postmortem brain157–159
		Glial
		Tufted astrocytes
		Astrocytic plaques
		Oligodendroglial coiled bodies
Prionopathies	Prion protein	Extracellular	In vitro160,161
CJD, GSS, FFI, Kuru		Kuru plaques	Cell culture161,162
		Florid plaques	Animal models160–162
			Postmortem brain163
Trinucleotide repeat disorders	PolyQ protein	Neuronal	HD/Huntingtin
HD, DRPLA, SBMA, SCAs		Intranuclear inclusions	In vitro13,164
			Cell culture164,165
			Animal models166,167
			Postmortem brain167,168
			DRPLA/Atrophin-1
			Cell culture169
			SBMA/Androgen receptor
			In vitro170
			Animal model171
TDP-43 proteinopathies	TDP-43	Neuronal	–
FTLD, ALS		Cytoplasmic inclusions

AD, Alzheimer disease; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CBD, corticobasal degeneration; CJD, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; DRPLA, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy; FFI, fatal familial insomnia; FTDP-17, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism-17; FTLD, frontotemporal lobar degeneration; GSS, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome; HD, Huntington disease; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PD, Parkinson disease; polyQ, polyglutamine; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; SBMA, spinobulbar muscular atrophy; SCAs, spinocerebellar ataxias; TDP-43, TAR DNA binding protein