Abstract
Introduction: Os odontoideum is a rare condition with a controversial pathogenesis and poorly understood natural history. As a result, it is difficult for clinicians to predict which patients require surgical fusion to prevent symptomatic progression and potentially devastating neurologic injury.
Methods: We undertook a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the clinical outcomes in the treatment of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases of os odontoideum. Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane, National Guideline Clearinghouse Databases as well as bibliographies of key articles were searched. Articles were reviewed by two independently working reviewers. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set and each article was subject to a predefined quality rating scheme.
Results: We identified eleven articles meeting our inclusion criteria. Seven studies included patients with asymptomatic os odontoideum discovered incidentally from which it was possible to examine data on 18 individuals. Six studies were identified containing more than 15 patients with symptomatic os odontoideum.
Conclusion: The existing literature regarding both asymptomatic or symptomatic os odontoideum and its treatment is very limited. No definitive conclusions can be drawn from these studies. A basic approach to the management of os odontoideum is offered based on the findings of this study.
Study Rationale and Context
Os odontoideum is a rare condition defined radiographically as an ossicle with smooth circumferential cortical margins representing the odontoid process that has no osseous continuity with the body of C2. It may be classified as stable or unstable based on the extent of excursion of the atlas from the axis on dynamic imaging.1
The pathogenesis of this lesion remains controversial with arguments for both acquired and congenital causes postulated in the literature. At present, however, most authors believe that it results from a previous trauma leading to a chronic nonunion fracture of the odontoid process.2,3,4,5
Although os odontoideum has a clear radiographic definition, its clinical manifestations are variable with patients existing on a spectrum of symptom severity from completely asymptomatic or with neck pain to severe spinal cord injury. Due to the paucity of cases and the poorly understood natural history of this condition it is difficult for clinicians to predict which patients require surgical fusion to prevent symptomatic progression and potentially devastating neurologic injury.
In order to review the collective experience and to help augment our current understanding of this condition we have undertaken a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the clinical outcomes in the treatment of asymptomatic and symptomatic cases of os odontoideum.
Materials and Methods
Study design: Systematic review.
Sampling:
Search: Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and National Guideline Clearinghouse Databases; bibliographies of key articles
Dates searched: 1970 to August 2009.
-
Inclusion criteria
Asymptomatic: case reports, case series of any size, adults and children
Symptomatic: case series that included 15 or more patients, adults and children
Outcomes: fusion (%), relief of symptoms
Analysis: descriptive statistics
Details about methods can be found in the web appendix at www.aospine.org/ebsj.
Results
We identified eleven articles meeting our inclusion criteria (Fig. 1). Seven studies included patients with asymptomatic os odontoideum discovered incidentally from which it was possible to examine data on 18 individuals.3,4,6,7,8,9,10 Six studies were identified containing more than 15 patients with symptomatic os odontoideum.2,3,5,10,11,12
Fig. 1.
Flow chart showing results of literature search
Asymptomatic incidental os odontoideum
Eighteen individual asymptomatic patients were identified, for which the demographics, treatment, and outcomes are shown in Table 1.3,4,6,7,8,9,10
Among the eleven patients for which demographic data were supplied, 64% were pediatric, and 64% were male. Three had Klippel-Feil syndrome, two had Down's syndrome, and one had ectodermal dysplasia.
Follow-up time was reported in only seven of the patients and ranged from 1.4–11 years.
Nine patients were treated with spinal fusion procedures to stabilize C1 and C2, and in these cases, solid fusion was achieved. These patients continued to be asymptomatic, although one paper pointed out that the neck range of motion was reduced secondary to fusion.
Nine patients were treated conservatively, and these were reported to remain stable with no symptomatolgy attributable to their os odontoideum having developed over the course of follow-up. One patient died from pulmonary cancer at 11-years follow-up, but his spinal condition remained stable until that time.
Table 1. Asymptomatic patients with incidental discovery of os odontoideum, their treatment and results.
| Patient no. | Author | Age (years) | Sex | Preexisting diagnosis | Instability | operative fusion | Follow-up (years) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dai* | nr | nr | nr | nr | no | nr | – Remained stable |
| 2 | Dai* | nr | nr | nr | nr | no | nr | – Remained stable |
| 3 | Dai* | nr | nr | nr | nr | no | nr | – Remained stable |
| 4 | Dai* | nr | nr | nr | nr | no | nr | – Remained stable |
| 5 | Dai* | nr | nr | nr | nr | no | nr | – Remained stable |
| 6 | Dai* | nr | nr | nr | nr | yes | nr | – Solid arthrodesis achieved |
| 7 | Dai* | nr | nr | nr | nr | yes | nr | – Solid arthrodesis achieved |
| 8 | Forlin | 8 | F | Down's syndrome | yes | yes | 5 | – Postoperative pin track infection resolved after halo removal – Partial resorption of the fusion mass treated by regrafting at 3 months – Asymptomatic |
| 9 | Forlin | 9 | M | Down's syndrome | yes | yes | 2 | – Asymptomatic |
| 10 | Hickam | 9 | F | none | no | yes | nr | – Asymptomatic – Decrease in rotation of head |
| 11 | Juhl† | 9 | M | nr | yes | yes | nr | – Extension 75°, lateral flexion right 0° and left 30°, rotation right 30° and left 45° |
| 12 | Juhl† | 44 | M | nr | no | no | 11† | – Asymptomatic |
| 13 | Morgan | 39 | M | Klippel-Feil | no | no | nr | – Asymptomatic |
| 14 | Morgan | 64 | F | Klippel-Feil | no | no | nr | – Asymptomatic |
| 15 | Sankar | 13 | M | None | yes | yes | 1.4 | – Fusion achieved at 1.9 months |
| 16 | Sankar | 12 | M | Ectodermal dysplasia | yes | yes | 2.8 | – Fusion achieved at 5.9 months |
| 17 | Sankar | 2 | F | Klippel-Feil | yes | yes | 2.2 | – Fusion achieved at 12.9 months |
| 18 | Spierings | 28 | M | None | no | no | 9 | – Asymptomatic |
nr = not reported; Klippel-Feil type fusion of C2 and C3.
Dai: mean age 24.6 and age range 7–56 years, and follow-up of 6.5 years (1–16) are reported for the total number of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, N = 44.
Juhl: patient died of pulmonary cancer 11 years after diagnosis of os odontoideum.
Symptomatic os odontoideum
Three-hundred-and-forty-four patients in six studies with symptomatic os odontoideum are summarized with respect to demographics, treatment, and outcomes, Table 2.2,3,5,10,11,12 Ages ranged from 3–73 years and 62% were males. Forty-seven patients had a preexisting diagnosis including Klippel-Feil syndrome, Down's syndrome, dysplasia, occipitalization, hypertrophy of the anterior atlantal arch, basilar impression, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, metatrophic dwarfism, or Morquio's syndrome. All but 19 patients underwent cervical fusion.
Fusion rate The rate of fusion reported in four studies was 99% (214/216).5,10,11,12
Symptoms Three case series report on the change in symptoms following spinal fusion. After fusion, symptoms were completely resolved or significantly reduced in all patients (n = 39) in one study,10 and completely resolved in 88% in another.2 Klimo et al reported that symptoms resolved in 68% of patients with pain and 39% with neuropathy (20% with myelopathy and 100% with intermittent neuropathy).5 It is unclear how many different patients this represents of the total study population as patients may have more than one symptom. No case series reported worse symptoms or neurological status following treatment. In the one retrospective cohort study, patients were grouped by cord sign status and treatment mode.3 In patients with no cord signs, symptoms resolved in 50% of those patients who were treated conservatively and only 11% of those treated with surgery. In patients with cord signs, 25% of patients were symptom free whether they received conservative or operative treatment (Fig. 2).
Table 2. Symptomatic patients treated either nonoperatively or operatively for os odontoideum and their results.
| Author | N | Mean age (range) in years | % male | Preexisting diagnosis | Symptoms | Instability | Operative treatment | Mean follow-up (range) in years | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dai | 39 | 25(7–56) | 75%* | n = 18
|
Local symptoms:
|
95% | yes | 6.5 (1–16) | Fusion: 100% All symptoms
|
| Fielding | 35 | 19 (3–65) | 60% |
|
|
100% | yes | 3.4 (1–10) | All symptoms
|
| Gluf | 22 | 10(4–16) | 66%† | ns | Not described | 100% | yes | 2.8 (0.25–8.9) | Fusion: 100% |
| Klimo | 78 | 21 (1.5–73) | 62% | n = 5
|
|
77% ant: 70% post: 10% A-P: 13% | yes | 1.2 (0.1–9.6) | Fusion: 100% Pain
|
| Menezes | 134 | 4–58 | 55% |
|
|
yes | yes | ns | Fusion: 98.5%
|
| Spierings | 36 | 38 (6–62) | 78% |
|
Group A: no cord symptoms (n = 15) Group B: no cord symptoms (n = 9) Group C: cord symptoms (n = 4) Group D: cord symptoms (n = 8) |
nr nr nr nr |
no yes no yes |
8 (0.5–18) | All symptoms resolved:
|
nr = not reported.
Dai: % male includes asymptomatic and symptomatic patients.
Gluf reports % male for a study population of 45 patients with other diagnoses and 22 os odontoideum patients.
Menezes: possibly other patients have preexisting diagnoses; these 12 patients are specifically listed as among those with reducible lesions but worsening extension.
Fig. 2.
Symptom status of patients without and with cord signs after surgical or nonsurgical treatment of symptomatic os odontoideum3
Clinical Guidelines
In 2001, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (AANS/CNS) provided evidence-based clinical recommendations for the treatment of os odontoideum 1.
No clinical evidence was found supporting the recommendation of operative treatment standards or guidelines for os odontoideum.
For asymptomatic patients, clinical and radiographic surveillance may be the appropriate management.
Patients with neurological symptoms/signs and C1–2 instability are generally managed with posterior fixation and fusion.
Other operative measures may be warranted in cases of irreducible cervicomedullary compression and/or occipitocervical instability.
The paucity of high quality studies was noted.
Evidence Summary
Question 1: Outcomes of treatment in patients with incidental asymptomatic os odontoideum.
| Outcomes | Strength of evidence | Conclusions/comments |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Symptoms |  |
|
| 2. Fusion success | |
|
Details about the determination of strength of evidence can be found in the web appendix at www.aospine.org/ebsj
Question 2: Outcomes of treatment in patients with symptomatic os odontoideum.
| Outcomes | Strength of evidence | Conclusions/comments |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Symptoms |  |
|
| 2. Fusion success | |
|
Details about the determination of strength of evidence can be found in the web appendix at www.aospine.org/ebsj
Illustrative case
A 24-year-old woman presents with a history of chronic neck pain, worse in the last 2 months, and a cervical spine x-ray demonstrating os-odontoideum (Fig. 3)with 7mm of excursion of the atlas from the axis between flexion and extension. Physical examination revealed evidence of myelopathy including brisk deep tendon reflexes, as well as positive Hoffman and Babinski signs bilaterally. MRI performed shortly after presentation was concerning for increased T2 signal in the upper cervical spinal cord(Fig. 4). The patient underwent C1/2 posterior screw-rod fixation, with iliac crest bone graft which was fixed in situ with C1–2 cable cerclage fixation. At 6-months postoperatively, she had experienced complete resolution of her neck pain symptoms and has achieved a solid posterior fusion on x-ray (Fig. 5). The patient remains well at 2-year follow-up.
Fig. 3.
Preoperative lateral C-spine x-ray demonstrating os odontoideum
Fig. 4.
Sagittal T2 MRI demonstrating increased signal in the upper cervical spinal cord at the level of the os odontoideum.
Fig. 5.
Lateral C-spine x-ray 2-years postoperatively posterior C1/2 fusion
Discussion
In 18 case reports, we found no cases of patients with incidental asymptomatic os odontoideum who later developed symptoms whether treated conservatively or surgically. Among symptomatic patients, fusion was the treatment of choice resulting in successful arthrodesis in 99% of the cases. One retrospective cohort study suggests that the outcome from surgery may not be better than the outcome of conservative care.
Although the etiology of os odontoideum remains unclear, there are two plausible theories which may account for two different forms of this lesion: 1) it represents a congenital aplastic lesion, 2) it is an acquired entity related to a chronic non-union from a previous traumatic event. For the purposes of this study it is difficult to distinguish between these two subpopulations and hence to draw any conclusions about differences in natural history between them. The existing literature regarding either asymptomatic or symptomatic os odontoideum and its treatment is very limited with only case reports, case series and one retrospective cohort study available for analysis. No definitive conclusions can be drawn from these studies. Further comparative studies with more patients would be necessary to address the question of the benefit of surgery relative to the severity of the symptoms.
For asymptomatic patients, posterior C1/2 fixation and fusion has been shown to be a safe procedure, however there is no convincing evidence to support its use over conservative therapy. The pros and cons of operative versus nonoperative management need to weighed by the clinician and discussed with the patient.
For symptomatic patients (severe neck pain, occipital neuralgia or neurological dysfunction), surgical treatment is generally recommended. In these cases, posterior C1/2 fixation and fusion is a safe and effective procedure that leads to improvement or stabilization of symptoms in the majority of patients.
Footnotes
This systematic review was funded by AOSpine.
References
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