Table 1.
Sample characteristics and associations between trimethoprim prescription and trimethoprim resistance
| Variable (1373 patients with 1855 samples) | Patients/samples, n (%) | Trimethoprim resistance, % (95% CI) | Multilevel univariate OR (95% CI) | Multilevel adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 1220 (88.9) | 27.2 (24.4 to 30.0) | 1 | Not significant |
|
| ||||
| Male | 153 (11.1) | 21.1 (14.3 to 27.8) | 0.62 (0.34 to 1.14) | |
|
| ||||
| Deprivation status | ||||
| Q1 (deprived) | 398 (29.0) | 22.8 (18.5 to 27.2) | 1 | Not significant |
| Q2 | 289 (21.0) | 26.9 (22.0 to 31.9) | 1.58 (0.93 to 2.66) | |
| Q3 | 275 (20.0) | 32.1 (26.1 to 38.0) | 1.88 (1.12 to 3.17) | |
| Q4 | 178 (13.0) | 22.0 (14.3 to 29.8) | 0.80 (0.42 to 1.50) | |
| Q5 (affluent) | 186 (13.5) | 29.0 (20.3 to 37.8) | 1.17 (0.65 to 2.11) | |
|
| ||||
| Large urban (settlement size >10 000) | 1026 (74.7) | 26.4 (23.3 to 29.4) | 1 | Not significant |
|
| ||||
| Town (settlement size 3000–9999) | 83 (6.0) | 22.2 (11.7 to 32.7) | 0.74 (0.34 to 1.62) | |
|
| ||||
| Rural (settlement size <3000) | 216 (15.7) | 29.1 (22.4 to 35.9) | 1.23 (0.75 to 2.02) | |
|
| ||||
| Urinary isolates 2004–2009, n | ||||
| 1 | 1134 (82.6) | 20.8 (18.4 to 23.2) | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 146 (10.6) | 26.4 (20.4 to 32.3) | 1.54 (0.95 to 2.49) | 1.29 (0.75 to 2.22) |
| 3 | 36 (2.6) | 32.4 (20.5 to 44.3) | 2.38 (1.07 to 5.31) | 1.73 (0.69 to 4.37) |
| ≥4 | 57 (4.2) | 45.5 (36.6 to 54.4) | 5.18 (2.79 to 9.59) | 4.04 (1.96 to 8.36) |
|
| ||||
| Age at time of test, years | ||||
| <1 | 146 (7.9) | 25.3 (18.3 to 32.4) | 1 | Not significant |
| 1–4 | 492 (26.5) | 28.0 (24.1 to 32.0) | 1.31 (0.67 to 2.54) | |
| 5–9 | 678 (36.5) | 26.5 (23.2 to 29.9) | 1.03 (0.54 to 1.97) | |
| 10–16 | 539 (29.1) | 25.8 (22.1 to 29.5) | 1.02 (0.53 to 1.99) | |
|
| ||||
| Time since most recent trimethoprim prescription, days | ||||
| Never prescribed | 944 (50.9) | 20.3 (17.7 to 22.9) | 1 | 1 |
| 1–14 | 139 (7.5) | 43.2 (34.9 to 51.4) | 6.12 (3.18 to 11.76) | 4.97 (2.60 to 9.49) |
| 15–28 | 51 (2.7) | 43.1 (29.4 to 56.9) | 6.20 (2.41 to 15.96) | 4.71 (1.83 to 12.16) |
| 29–84 | 131 (7.1) | 45.0 (36.5 to 53.6) | 5.08 (2.70 to 9.56) | 3.16 (1.63 to 6.13) |
| 85–168 | 120 (6.5) | 35.8 (27.2 to 44.5) | 3.16 (1.65 to 6.06) | 1.89 (0.95 to 3.73) |
| 169–365 | 158 (8.5) | 31.0 (23.8 to 38.3) | 1.89 (1.04 to 3.42) | 1.21 (0.66 to 2.24) |
| >365 | 312 (16.8) | 22.1 (17.5 to 26.7) | 0.94 (0.57 to 1.56) | 0.67 (0.40 to 1.12) |
|
| ||||
| Year of sample | ||||
| 2004 | 116 (6.3) | 19.0 (11.8 to 26.1) | 1 | 1 |
| 2005 | 104 (5.6) | 24.0 (15.8 to 32.3) | 1.39 (0.55 to 3.49) | 1.74 (0.66 to 4.62) |
| 2006 | 193 (10.4) | 19.2 (13.6 to 24.7) | 0.97 (0.42 to 2.22) | 1.22 (0.50 to 2.96) |
| 2007 | 494 (23.4) | 21.9 (18.0 to 25.8) | 1.06 (0.51 to 2.22) | 1.27 (0.57 to 2.79) |
| 2008 | 493 (26.6) | 29.0 (25.0 to 33.0) | 1.88 (0.91 to 3.90) | 2.40 (1.09 to 5.27) |
| 2009 | 515 (27.8) | 33.3 (29.3 to 37.5) | 2.46 (1.19 to 5.08) | 3.10 (1.41 to 6.81) |
OR = odds ratio.