Table 2.
Clinical features of kidney cancer (all ages)
| Feature | Cases, n (%) n = 3149 | Controls, n (%) n = 14091 | Likelihood ratioa (95% CI) | Odds ratio in multivariable analysis b (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | ||||
| Visible haematuria | 558 (18) | 97 (1) | 26 (21 to 32) | 37 (28 to 49) |
| Back pain | 341 (11) | 901 (6) | 1.7 (1.5 to 1.9) | 1.4 (1.2 to 1.7) |
| Abdominal pain | 350 (11) | 514 (4) | 3.1 (2.7 to 3.5) | 2.8 (2.4 to 3.4) |
| Fatigue | 210 (7) | 405 (3) | 2.3 (2.0 to 2.7) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) |
| Constipation | 194 (6) | 420 (3) | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.4) | 1.4 (1.1 to 1.7) |
| Nausea | 171 (5) | 263 (2) | 2.9 (2.4 to 3.5) | 1.8 (1.4 to 2.3) |
|
| ||||
| Diseases | ||||
| Lower urinary tract infection | 339 (11) | 608 (4) | 2.5 (2.2 to 2.8) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1) |
|
| ||||
| Investigations | ||||
| Raised inflammatory markers | 783 (25) | 993 (7) | 3.5 (3.2 to 3.8) | 2.4 (2.1 to 2.8) |
| Low haemoglobin | 738 (23) | 968 (7) | 3.4 (3.1 to 3.7) | 1.9 (1.6 to 2.2) |
| Raised liver function test | 654(21) | 1526 (11) | 1.9 (1.8 to 2.1) | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.5) |
| Raised creatinine | 565 (18) | 1095 (8) | 2.3 (2.1 to 2.5) | 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) |
| Raised blood sugar | 485 (15) | 1378 (10) | 1.6 (1.4 to 1.7) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.4) |
| Thrombocytosis | 348 (11) | 251 (2) | 6.2 (5.3 to 7.3) | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.7) |
| Leukocytosis | 304 (10) | 330 (2) | 4.1 (3.5 to 4.8) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) |
| Microcytosis | 233 (7) | 158 (1) | 6.6 (5.4 to 8.1) | 2.6 (1.9 to 3.4) |
a
The univariate likelihood ratio, showing the likelihood of having a specific feature in a patient with kidney cancer, compared with the likelihood of having it in a patient without cancer.
b
In multivariate conditional logistic regression, containing all 15 variables