Table 2.
Estimated prevalence-adjusted cost effecta of comorbidity compared with separate patients with each disease
|
Age 20–39 years
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Age 40–59 years
|
Age ≥60 years
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comorbidity | Estimated prevalence-adjusted cost, £, and (90% CI) per 1000 patients | Comorbidity | Estimated prevalence-adjusted cost, £, and (90% CI) per 1000 patients | Comorbidity | Estimated prevalence-adjusted cost, £, and (90% CI) per 1000 patients |
| Asthma/Depression | 1257 (841 to 1672) | Depression/Obesity | 2817 (1993 to 3641) | Diabetes/Obesity | 4887 (3013 to 6762) |
| Depression/Diabetes | 603 (420 to 786) | Asthma/Depression | 1542 (902 to 2182) | Depression/Diabetes | 2133 (1196 to 3071) |
| Depression/Hypertension | 538 (364 to 711) | Depression/Mental health | 1007 (621 to 1394) | Depression/Obesity | 1936 (791 to 3080) |
| Asthma/Obesity | 419 (95 to 743) | Mental health/Obesity | 838 (604 to 1073) | Asthma/Obesity | 1436 (574 to 2297) |
| Obesity/Thyroid | 268 (64 to 472) | Depression/Diabetes | 691 (262 to 1120) | Diabetes/Stroke | 902 (106 to 1697) |
| CHD/Obesity | 605 (160 to 1050) | Depression/Epilepsy | 834 (530 to 1139) | ||
| Asthma/Hypertension | 603 (95 to 1110) | Depression/Heart failure | 672 (143 to 1201) | ||
| CHD/Depression | 569 (225 to 912) | Cancer/CKD | 606 (56 to 1155) | ||
| Asthma/CHD | 558 (339 to 766) | COPD/Thyroid | 564 (134 to 993) | ||
| CHD/Diabetes | 433 (135 to 731) | Asthma/Atrialfib | 534 (81 to 988) | ||
| Cancer/Depression | 269 (74 to 464) | Epilepsy/Stroke | 491 (81 to 902) | ||
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| Depression/Mental health | −1040 (−1306 to −774) | Hypertension/Obesity | −2020 (−3127 to −913) | CHD/Hypertension | −9497 (−12460 to −6533) |
| Hypertension/Obesity | −940 (−1194 to −685) | Asthma/COPD | −1018 (−1312 to −723) | CKD/Hypertension | −7455 (−10726 to −4185) |
| Depression/Thyroid | −280 (−514 to −47) | Asthma/Obesity | −685 (−1245 to −124) | Diabetes/Hypertension | −3688 (−6709 to −667) |
| CHD/Hypertension | −626 (−1134 to −119) | Atrialfib/Heart failure | −3106 (−4015 to −2197) | ||
| CKD/Obesity | −575 (−849 to −302) | Heart failure/Hypertension | −2341 (−3754 to −928) | ||
| Diabetes/Stroke | −365 (−549 to −180) | Hypertension/Thyroid | −2164 (−3884 to −443) | ||
| CKD/Depression | −358 (−580 to −136) | CHD/CKD | −2105 (−3591 to −618) | ||
| COPD/Hypertension | −294 (−501 to −86) | COPD/Hypertension | −1853 (−3209 to −496) | ||
| Asthma/Thyroid | −256 (−486 to −27) | Asthma/COPD | −1792 (−2722 to −862) | ||
| CHD/Thyroid | −231 (−375 to −88) | CKD/Depression | −1489 (−2389 to −588) | ||
| Epilepsy/Obesity | −226 (−403 to −50) | CHD/Diabetes | −1408 (−2743 to −74) | ||
| COPD/Obesity | −199 (−394 to −3) | CKD/COPD | −1391 (−2056 to −727) | ||
| Hypertension/Mental health | −171 (−337 to −5) | CKD/Thyroid | −1375 (−2260 to −490) | ||
| Atrialfib/CKD | −1153 (−2065 to −240) | ||||
| CKD/Heart failure | −1150 (−2019 to −280) | ||||
| Atrialfib/Thyroid | −1018 (−1594 to −441) | ||||
| Obesity/Stroke | −952 (−1634 to −270) | ||||
| CKD/Stroke | −927 (−1834 to −21) | ||||
| Atrialfib/Stroke | −885 (−1650 to −120) | ||||
| Obesity/Thyroid | −850 (−1657 to −44) | ||||
| Epilepsy/Hypertension | −846 (−1378 to −314) | ||||
| Cancer/COPD | −828 (−1154 to −501) | ||||
| COPD/Heart failure | −785 (−1344 to −227) | ||||
| Atrialfib/COPD | −682 (−1176 to −187) | ||||
| Cancer/Thyroid | −569 (−914 to −225) | ||||
| Dementia/Thyroid | −544 (−823 to −266) | ||||
| Asthma/Heart failure | −475 (−900 to −50) | ||||
| Cancer/Heart failure | −349 (−635 to −63) | ||||
| CKD/Dementia | −339 (−655 to −23) | ||||
a
The cost effect is calculated as the estimated coefficient on the two-way interaction term in the ordinary least squares regression, multiplied by the age specific prevalence of the comorbidity, multiplied by 1000. It represents the estimated cost effect per 1000 general practice patients. Effects shown only for comorbidities with at least 30 individuals in the estimation sample and where the coefficient on the two-way interaction term had P<0.1. Atrialfib = atrial fibrillation. CHD = coronary heart disease. CKD = chronic kidney disease. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thyroid = hypothyroidism.