Table 1. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and health characteristics of reverters and non-reverters at baselinea.
| Factor | Reverters | Non-reverters | p value |
| (n = 66)b | (n = 157)b | ||
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 78.61 (4.47) | 78.48 (4.45) | .847 |
| Males | 34 (51.5) | 75 (47.8) | .610 |
| Education, mean (SD), y | 12.29 (3.94) | 11.23 (3.53) | .049 |
| Married or de facto | 24 (36.9) | 71 (45.2) | .255 |
| Cardiac Health | |||
| Hypertension | 52 (78.8) | 130 (82.8) | .480 |
| Antihypertensives | 37 (56.1) | 97 (61.8) | .426 |
| Coronary artery disease | 14 (21.2) | 27 (17.2) | .480 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 5 (7.8) | 11 (7.1) | .863 |
| Other heart diseasec | 7 (10.6) | 21 (13.4) | .569 |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD), mmHg | 145.72 (19.00) | 144.05 (20.16) | .573 |
| Diastolic BP, mean (SD), mmHg | 82.83 (10.81) | 81.46 (9.39) | .353 |
| Physical Health | |||
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 26.57 (3.99) | 27.24 (4.56) | .309 |
| Diabetes | 10 (15.2) | 20 (12.7) | .630 |
| Hypoglycemics | 5 (7.6) | 14 (8.9) | .743 |
| High cholesterol diagnosis | 37 (56.1) | 88 (56.1) | .999 |
| Hypolipidemics | 33 (50.0) | 71 (45.2) | .514 |
| Stroke | 4 (6.1) | 5 (3.2) | .324 |
| Migraines | 6 (9.1) | 22 (14.0) | .311 |
| Kidney disease | 1 (1.5) | 7 (4.5) | .277 |
| Arthritis | 29 (45.3) | 97 (61.8) | .025 |
| Apnea | 4 (6.1) | 6 (3.8) | .467 |
| Anemia | 7 (10.6) | 19 (12.3) | .727 |
| Mental Health | |||
| GDS score, mean (SD) | 2.30 (1.94) | 2.18 (1.81) | .659 |
| History of depression | 9 (13.6) | 24 (15.3) | .751 |
| GAS score, mean (SD) | 1.0 (1.8) | 1.4 (2.2) | .170 |
| Antidepressants | 5 (7.6) | 15 (9.6) | .637 |
| Antianxiety agents | 1 (1.5) | 10 (6.4) | .127 |
| Lifestyle | |||
| Alcohol consumption | .486 | ||
| Abstainer | 7 (10.6) | 13 (8.3) | |
| ≤1 drink/day | 36 (54.5) | 76 (48.4) | |
| >1 drink/day | 23 (34.8) | 68 (43.3) | |
| Smoking | .974 | ||
| Never | 32 (48.5) | 74 (47.1) | |
| Past | 31 (47.0) | 75 (47.8) | |
| Current | 3 (4.5) | 8 (5.1) | |
| Mental activity, mean (SD)d | 2.70 (0.82) | 2.26 (0.84) | <.001 |
| Physical activity, mean (SD)e | 1.52 (0.96) | 1.65 (1.11) | .385 |
| Social activity | .249 | ||
| <5 (contacts/month) | 6 (9.4) | 22 (14.2) | |
| 5–10 (contacts/month) | 12 (18.8) | 40 (25.8) | |
| >10 (contacts/month) | 46 (71.9) | 93 (60.0) | |
| General Health | |||
| Self-reported | .268 | ||
| Poor to fair | 7 (10.6) | 21 (13.4) | |
| Good | 23 (34.8) | 69 (43.9) | |
| Very good to excellent | 36 (54.5) | 67 (42.7) | |
| 6-m walk time, mean (SD), s | 9.10 (2.73) | 9.58 (2.86) | .255 |
| BSIT score, mean (SD) | 9.52 (2.09) | 8.90 (2.19) | .054 |
| Visual acuity, mean (SD)f | 0.71 (0.19) | 0.63 (0.20) | .014 |
| Laboratory Measures | |||
| Apolipoprotein E ε4 allele | 12 (19.4) | 49 (32.7) | .051 |
| Homocysteine, mean (SD), umol/L | 11.46 (5.02) | 12.46 (4.51) | .164 |
| Cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 4.59 (0.96) | 4.82 (1.09) | .150 |
| eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 20 (32.8) | 66 (43.1) | .163 |
BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; BSIT = Brief Smell Identification Test; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; GAS = Goldberg Anxiety Scale; GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale.
a
Data presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
b
Maximum n, with small amounts of missing data for some factors.
c
Any of cardiac arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, or heart valve disease.
d
Average days/week of participation in mental activities.
e
Number of different physical activities participated in.
f
Arbitrary units, averaged for the two eyes.