TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of men who developed incident hypertension compared to those who remained free of hypertension
| Characteristics | Men with plasma vitamin D metabolites measurements |
Men with vitamin D receptor polymorphism genotypes |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incident hypertension | Incident hypertension | |||||
| Yes (N=367) | No (N=293) | P(b) | Yes (N=537) | No (N=376) | P | |
| Age, years(a) | 56.6±7.4 | 57.6±7.6 | 0.10 | 57.1±7.5 | 57.5±8.2 | 0.38 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.6±2.5 | 24.2±2.4 | 0.05 | 24.6±2.3 | 24.3±2.5 | 0.12 |
| Cigarette smoking, % | 0.97 | 0.23 | ||||
| Never | 47.4 | 47.8 | 49.4 | 52.4 | ||
| Past | 45.5 | 44.7 | 43.4 | 38.3 | ||
| Current | 7.1 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 9.3 | ||
| Alcohol use, % | 0.007 | 0.17 | ||||
| None | 13.8 | 21.6 | 15.0 | 20.0 | ||
| Monthly | 10.2 | 5.8 | 9.4 | 7.0 | ||
| Weekly | 44.9 | 48.0 | 47.6 | 47.2 | ||
| Daily | 31.1 | 24.7 | 28.1 | 25.9 | ||
| Exercise, % | 0.12 | 0.51 | ||||
| None | 9.9 | 12.0 | 12.5 | 11.0 | ||
| 1–3 / month | 18.1 | 11.0 | 16.1 | 12.3 | ||
| 1 / week | 15.9 | 17.9 | 16.5 | 16.4 | ||
| 2–4 / week | 38.4 | 44.3 | 37.2 | 42.4 | ||
| 5–6 / week | 9.6 | 7.9 | 10.5 | 9.9 | ||
| Daily | 8.2 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 8.0 | ||
| Multivitamin use, % | 0.73 | 0.94 | ||||
| Never | 62.4 | 62.9 | 64.6 | 65.1 | ||
| Past | 14.2 | 15.8 | 13.6 | 12.8 | ||
| Current | 23.4 | 21.3 | 21.8 | 22.1 | ||
| History of diabetes, % | 1.63 | 2.05 | 0.69 | 1.12 | 1.60 | 0.53 |
| History of hypercholesterolemia, % | 12.4 | 15.7 | 0.24 | 13.2 | 17.9 | 0.06 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 124.1±7.6 | 119.7±8.6 | < 0.0001 | 123.9±8.0 | 119.0±8.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77.8±5.7 | 74.7±6.6 | < 0.0001 | 77.7±5.8 | 74.7±6.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Plasma 25(OH)-vitamin D | ||||||
| Winter/Spring | ||||||
| N | 59 | 58 | ||||
| Concentration, nmol/L(c) | 57.9±20.7 | 55.9±22.5 | 0.63 | |||
| Summer/fall | ||||||
| N | 308 | 235 | ||||
| Concentration, nmol/L | 74.9±27.5 | 77.4±26.2 | 0.29 | |||
| Plasma 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D | ||||||
| Winter/Spring | ||||||
| N | 57 | 57 | ||||
| Concentration, pmol/L(d) | 83.5±17.7 | 83.7±20.0 | 0.97 | |||
| Summer/fall | ||||||
| N | 306 | 231 | ||||
| Concentration, pmol/L | 89.4±21.8 | 84.8±18.7 | 0.01 | |||
| Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms | ||||||
| BsmI | ||||||
| N | 527 | 371 | ||||
| MAF, % | 40.3 | 34.9 | 0.01 | |||
| FokI | ||||||
| N | 522 | 363 | ||||
| MAF, % | 38.2 | 37.2 | 0.20 | |||
(a)
Mean ± SD are shown for continuous variables and percentages are shown for categorical variables.
(b)
P values were derived from t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
(c)
To convert 25(OH)-vitamin D in nmol/L to ng/mL, divide by 2.496.
(d)
To convert 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D in pmol/L to pg/mL, divide by 2.6.
MAF, Minor Allele Frequency.