Table 4.
Odd ratios (95% CIs) and measures of residual neighbourhood variance for the final multilevel binary logistic regression models (adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, and level of physical exercise)
| |
Males |
Females |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Poor Versus excellent |
Normal versus excellent |
Poor versus excellent |
Normal versus excellent |
|
|
(n=647) |
(n=864) |
(n=666) |
(n=988) |
|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
|
Fixed effects |
|
|
|
|
|
Individual level |
|
|
|
|
| Marital status |
|
|
|
|
| Ever married |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Never married |
3.2 (1.2, 8.9) |
1.2 (0.7, 1.9) |
0.2 (0.1, 0.5) |
0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
|
Social support |
|
|
|
|
| Has someone to share happiness and sorrow |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| No |
1.9 (0.7, 6.0) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.6) |
0.3 (0.2, 0.7) |
0.8 (0.5, 1.3) |
| Yes |
|
|
|
|
| Has someone to support and help |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| No |
0.4 (0.2, 0.9) |
1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
0.8 (0.4, 1.5) |
1.2 (0.8, 1.9) |
| Yes |
|
|
|
|
|
Perception of neighbourhood |
|
|
|
|
| Suffered outdoor noise |
|
|
|
|
| a lot |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Somewhat |
0.4 (0.2, 0.9) |
0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.2) |
| Not at all |
0.2 (0.1, 0.6) |
0.4 (0.3, 0.7) |
0.5 (0.3, 1.0) |
0.7 (0.4, 1.0) |
| Suffered outdoor air pollution |
|
|
|
|
| a lot |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Somewhat |
0.5 (0.2, 1.1) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.3) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.0) |
0.9 (0.6, 1.2) |
| Not at all |
0.4 (0.2, 1.1) |
0.7 (0.4, 1.1) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.1) |
0.8 (0.5, 1.2) |
|
Individual SES 1 |
|
|
|
|
| Item ownership (for an |
0.9 (0.7, 1.3) |
1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
0.7 (0.6, 0.9) |
0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
| increase of 1 item) |
|
|
|
|
|
Neighbourhood level |
|
|
|
|
|
Formality |
|
|
|
|
| Live in the formal zone |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
| Live in the informal zone |
1.4 (0.3, 5.4) |
0.6 (0.3, 1.2) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.8) |
0.5 (0.3, 0.9) |
|
Neighbourhood SES1 |
|
|
|
|
| Neighbourhood average item ownership (for an increase of one item on average) |
0.8 (0.3, 2.0) |
0.8 (0.5,1.3) |
0.4 (0.2, 0.8) |
0.6 (0.4, 0.9) |
|
Random effects |
|
|
|
|
| Variance between neighbourhoods (95% CI) |
0.61(0.01, 1.96) |
0.17 (0.02, 0.44) |
0.08 (0.00, 0.38) |
0.20 (0.03, 0.49) |
| ICC |
0.16 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
0.06 |
| MOR (95% CI) | 2.10 (1.11 –3.78) | 1.48 (1.14 – 1.88) | 1.32 (1.00 –1.79) | 1.53 (1.18 – 1.95) |
(1) All five individual SES variables were considered one at a time and simultaneously both at the individual level and the neighbourhood level. In the final model for females, only item ownership remained statistically significant when more than one SES variable was included. For males, none were statistically significant in the multivariable model, but item ownership has been included for comparison.