Table 1.
Individual and family risk factors of tobacco and cannabis use across lifecourse SEP groups in the TEMPO study in 2009 (n = 1103; 22–35 years)
| Covariables | Stable intermediate/ high SEP, n = 371 | Downward SEP, n = 206 |
Upward SEP, n = 212 |
Stable low SEP, n = 177 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or mean (SD) | % or mean (SD) | P-value | P-value | % or mean (SD) | P-value | ||
| Individual factors | |||||||
| Early tobacco smoking (≤13 years vs. >13) | 13.32 | 16.59 | 0.40 | 5.74 | 0.01 | 13.22 | 0.92 |
| Early cannabis use (≤17 years vs. >17) | 19.83 | 31.39 | 0.04 | 13.53 | 0.09 | 21.89 | 0.87 |
| Juvenile internalizing symptoms (per unit increase) | 11.95 (9.56) | 11.92 (10.12) | 0.29 | 12.02 (9.81) | 0.91 | 13.03 (10.13) | 0.12 |
| Juvenile externalizing symptoms (per unit increase) | 8.67 (7.49) | 10.89 (8.38) | 0.01 | 8.73 (7.12) | 0.86 | 10.57 (9.19) | 0.01 |
| Academic difficulties (yes vs. no) | 22.10 | 40.29 | <0.0001 | 27.83 | 0.19 | 34.46 | <.0001 |
| Family factors | |||||||
| Total family riska | 1.08 (1.02) | 1.28 (1.05) | 0.02 | 1.33 (1.14) | 0.01 | 1.64 (1.21) | <.0001 |
| Parental smoking (smoker vs. non-smoker) | 25.63 | 27.14 | 0.73 | 28.64 | 0.43 | 25.15 | 0.91 |
| Parental heavy alcohol use (high alcohol use present vs. absent) | 20.27 | 21.36 | 0.54 | 25.47 | 0.16 | 34.66 | <.0001 |
| Parent ill health (present vs. absent) | 18.49 | 20.1 | 0.57 | 22.01 | 0.35 | 32.18 | <.0001 |
| Parental unemployment (yes vs. no) | 10.23 | 16.41 | 0.05 | 19.21 | 0.01 | 17.26 | 0.02 |
| Parental depression (yes vs. no) | 26.22 | 31.55 | 0.21 | 25.47 | 0.88 | 30.86 | 0.32 |
| Parental divorce (yes vs. no) | 9.6 | 14.87 | 0.05 | 15.35 | 0.05 | 27.98 | <.0001 |
P = significance value from age- and sex-adjusted multinomial logistic regression models testing associations between socio-economic trajectory groups and individual and family factors, using stable high SEP as the comparison group.
a: Total family risk is a cumulative index, created by summing risk for parental: (i) tobacco smoking; (ii) heavy alcohol use; (iii) parent ill health; (iv) unemployment; (v) depression; and (vi) separation/divorce.