Table 2.
Cox proportional hazards modeling of time to home help services
| Univariatea | Multivariate, significant predictors | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P | |
| Sex (male = 0, female = 1) | 1.54 (1.17–2.04) | 0.002 | 2.72 (1.82–4.06) | <0.001 |
| Carrier of APOE ɛ4 allele (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 0.504 | ||
| Solitary living at baseline (no = 0, yes = 1) | 4.41 (3.45–5.63) | <0.001 | 12.95 (7.82–21.44) | <0.001 |
| Interaction: sex × solitary living | 0.39 (0.22–0.69) | 0.001 | ||
| Type of ChEIb | ||||
| Rivastigmine | 0.89 (0.66–1.19) | 0.421 | ||
| Galantamine | 0.70 (0.52–0.96) | 0.024 | ||
| ChEI dosec | 0.993 (0.987–0.999) | 0.033 | 0.993 (0.987–0.999) | 0.040 |
| Antihypertensives/cardiac therapy (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.09 (0.87–1.37) | 0.458 | ||
| NSAIDs/acetylsalicylic acid (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 0.700 | ||
| Antidepressants (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | 0.017 | ||
| Antipsychotics (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.85 (1.22–2.81) | 0.004 | ||
| Anxiolytics/sedatives/hypnotics (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.10 (0.82–1.47) | 0.516 | ||
| Estimated age at onset, years | 0.96 (0.93–0.999) | 0.046 | ||
| Age at first assessment, years | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.045 |
| Education, years | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.121 | ||
| MMSE score at baseline | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | <0.001 | ||
| IADL score at baseline | 1.12 (1.09–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.11–1.16) | <0.001 |
| PSMS score at baseline | 1.18 (1.13–1.22) | <0.001 | ||
| MMSE score, rate of change per month | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.006 | ||
| IADL score, rate of change per month | 0.55 (0.36–0.83) | 0.005 | 0.34 (0.23–0.51) | <0.001 |
| PSMS score, rate of change per month | 0.68 (0.57–0.81) | <0.001 | ||
| Number of medications at baseline | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 0.002 | ||
Notes:
a
Adjusted (if applicable) for the baseline variables sex, age, and solitary living;
b
donepezil was the reference category;
c
mean percentage of the maximum recommended dose, ie, 10 mg of donepezil, 12 mg of rivastigmine, or 24 mg of galantamine. Hazard ratios are expressed per 1 unit increase for continuous variables and for the condition present for categorized variables.
Abbreviations: APOE, apolipoprotein E; ChEI, cholinesterase inhibitors; CI, confidence interval; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PSMS, Physical Self-Maintenance Scale.