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. 2013 Mar 28;9(3):e1002994. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002994

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© 2013 Kirill S

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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(a) A mixed wave of cooperators and defectors spreads into empty territories. The shape of this invasion is not linear in the coordinates indicating wave acceleration. The acceleration is caused by a slow increase in the number of cooperators (blue) at the front compared to the bulk (magenta). (b) The velocity of the front increases from to its asymptotic value , which is smaller than because population and genetic waves do not split in this case. (c) Cooperator and defector density profiles at different times show both acceleration of the expansion and the increase in the frequency of cooperators at the front. For this figure, we used , , , , , and .

Inline graphic — (a) A mixed wave of cooperators and defectors spreads into empty territories. The shape of this invasion is not linear in the coordinates indicating wave acceleration. The acceleration is caused by a slow increase in the number of cooperators (blue) at the front compared to the bulk (magenta). (b) The velocity of the front increases from to its asymptotic value , which is smaller than because population and genetic waves do not split in this case. (c) Cooperator and defector density profiles at different times show both acceleration of the expansion and the increase in the frequency of cooperators at the front. For this figure, we used , , , , , and .