Table 1.
South Africa Wave IV Children's Demographic and Growth Parameters & Post Hoc Analyses
| Variable | All Children1 (n=747) | Children with FAS (n = 68) | Children with Partial FAS (n = 52) | Children with ARND (n =35 ) | Exposed R-S Controls (n = 38) | Unexposed R-S Controls (n = 90) | Statistical Test | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (%) | ||||||||
| Males | 49 | 50 | 48.1 | 51.4 | 50 | 54.4 | χ2 = 0.64 | 0.958 |
| Females | 51 | 50 | 51.9 | 48.6 | 50 | 45.6 | ||
| Age (months) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 81.4 (7.1) | 85.4 (8.7) | 81.4 (9.5) | 84.0 (7.9) | 80.7 (6.7) | 80.0(6.2) | F = 5.57 | 0.000 |
| Height (cm) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 115.8 (5.9) | 111.9 (5.5) | 114.8 (7.5) | 113.5 (4.9) | 115.6 (5.5) | 116.3 (6.3) | F = 5.50 | 0.000 |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 20.7 (3.6) | 17.7 (2.1) | 20.0 (3.1) | 18.9 (1.9) | 20.5 (2.7) | 21.1 (3.5) | F = 15.83 | 0.000 |
| Average BMI for Age | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 16.0 (9.0) | 15.5 (0.2) | 15.4 (0.2) | 15.5 (0.2) | 15.4 (0.2) | 16.9 (14.8) | F = 0.49 | 0.743 |
| Child's BMI | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 15.3 (1.6) | 14.2 (1.1) | 15.0 (1.0) | 14.6 (1.2) | 15.3 (1.1) | 15.4 (1.8) | F = 9.24 | 0.000 |
| BMI Percentile | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 42.9 (27.5) | 16.5 (16.9) | 37.0 (21.2) | 27.8 (25.3) | 43.6 (25.0) | 47.4 (24.9) | F = 20.49 | 0.000 |
| Occipital Circumference (OFC; in cm) Mean (SD) | 50.9 (2.4) | 48.6 (1.3) | 50.0 (1.3) | 49.4 (0.8) | 51.1 (1.2) | 51.1 (1.5) | F = 42.69 | 0.000 |
| Palpebral Fissure Length (cm) Mean (SD) | -- | 2.31 (0.2) | 2.35 (0.1) | 2.39 (0.1) | 2.43 (0.1) | 2.45 (0.1) | F = 17.80 | 0.000 |
| Inner Canthal Distance (cm) | -- | 2.80 (0.2) | 2.88(0.4) | 2.73 (0.2) | 2.81 (0.3) | 2.91 (0.5) | F = 2.04 | 0.090 |
| Percent Palpebral Fissure Length (%) is of Inner Canthal Distance | -- | 83.1 (9.7) | 82.7 (10.2) | 87.8 (7.9) | 87.4 (9.6) | 85.7 (9.7) | F = 2.87 | 0.024 |
| Inner Pupilary Distance (cm) | -- | 5.0 (0.2) | 5.0 (0.4) | 5.0 (0.2) | 5.1 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.5) | F = 1.30 | 0.270 |
| Philtrum Length (cm) Mean (SD) | -- | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | F = 1.81 | 0.126 |
| Maxillary Arc (cm) | -- | 23.2 (0.8) | 23.8 (1.0) | 23.5 (1.1) | 24.1 (0.9) | 23.8 (2.6) | F = 2.59 | 0.037 |
| Mandibular Arc (cm) | -- | 23.9 (0.9) | 24.7 (1.2) | 24.4 (1.1) | 25.1 (1.1) | 25.1 (0.9) | F = 15.28 | 0.000 |
| Short Inner Canthal Distance (%) | -- | 32.8 | 21.2 | 38.2 | 23.7 | 20 | χ2 = 6.70 | 0.153 |
| Short Inner Pupilary Distance (%) | -- | 60.6 | 36.5 | 51.4 | 28.9 | 12.2 | χ2 = 44.22 | 0.000 |
| Hypoplastic Midface (%) | -- | 82.4 | 71.72 | 62.9 | 50 | 42.2 | χ2 = 30.54 | 0.000 |
| Smooth Philtrum2 (%) | -- | 80.9 | 80.8 | 22.9 | 31.6 | 22.5 | χ2 = 87.93 | 0.000 |
| Narrow Vermillion Border3 (%) | -- | 89.7 | 94.2 | 25.7 | 42.1 | 28.1 | χ2 = 106.69 | 0.000 |
| “Railroad Track” Ears (%) | -- | 10.3 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 10.5 | 5.6 | χ2 = 2.16 | 0.706 |
| Strabismus (%) | -- | 5.9 | 1.9 | 0 | 7.9 | 4.4 | χ2 = 3.95 | 0.413 |
| Ptosis (%) | -- | 14.7 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 5.6 | χ2 = 12.40 | 0.015 |
| Epicanthal Folds (%) | -- | 63.2 | 63.5 | 80 | 52.6 | 39.3 | χ2 = 21.04 | 0.000 |
| Flat Nasal Bridge (%) | -- | 60.3 | 55.8 | 57.1 | 42.1 | 37.1 | χ2 = 11.13 | 0.025 |
| Anteverted Nostrils (%) | -- | 50 | 38.5 | 31.4 | 34.2 | 36 | χ2 = 5.02 | 0.285 |
| Prognathism (%) | -- | 7.4 | 5.8 | 2.9 | 0 | 2.2 | χ2 = 4.94 | 0.294 |
| Heart Murmur (%) | -- | 17.6 | 13.5 | 8.6 | 10.5 | 6.7 | χ2 = 5.18 | 0.296 |
| Heart Malformations (%) | -- | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | χ2 = 6.50 | 0.165 |
| Hypoplastic Nails (%) | -- | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 | χ2 = 2.04 | 0.728 |
| Limited Elbow Supination (%) | -- | 1.5 | 1.9 | 0 | 5.3 | 1.1 | χ2 = 3.56 | 0.471 |
| Clinodactyly (%) | -- | 60.3 | 63.5 | 48.6 | 57.9 | 65.2 | χ2 = 3.20 | 0.525 |
| Camptodactyly (%) | -- | 27.9 | 23.1 | 11.4 | 10.5 | 6.7 | χ2 = 16.25 | 0.003 |
| Palmar Crease Alteration (%) | -- | 48.5 | 28.8 | 37.1 | 39.5 | 21.3 | χ2 = 14.07 | 0.007 |
| Hirsute (%) | -- | 0 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | χ2 = 8.95 | 0.062 |
| Total Dysmorphology Score Mean (SD) | -- | 18.9 (3.9) | 14.3 (3.1) | 12.2 (3.3) | 8.2 (3.6) | 7.1(3.6) | F = 123.43 | 0.000 |
| Dunnett's C Post-Hoc Analyses | |
|---|---|
| Measure | Groups that differ at the P = .05 level |
| Age (months) | • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & Unexposed Controls |
| Height (cm) | • FAS & Unexposed Controls • FAS & Exposed Controls |
| Weight (kg) | • FAS & PFAS • FAS & ARND • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Exposed Controls |
| Child's BMI | • FAS & PFAS • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & Unexposed Controls |
| BMI Percentile | • FAS & PFAS • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Unexposed Controls • FAS & PFAS |
| Occipital Circumference (OFC; in cm) | • FAS & ARND • FAS & Unexposed Controls • FAS & Exposed Controls • PFAS & Unexposed Controls • PFAS & Exposed Controls • ARND & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Exposed Controls |
| Palpebral Fissure Length (is of Inner Canthal Distance; cm) | • FAS & ARND • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & Unexposed Controls • PFAS & Exposed Controls • PFAS & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Unexposed Controls |
| Maxillary Arc (cm) | • FAS & PFAS • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & PFAS |
| Mandibular Arc (cm) | • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Exposed Controls |
| Total Dysmorphology Score | • FAS & PFAS • FAS & ARND • FAS & Exposed Controls • FAS & Unexposed Controls • PFAS & ARND • PFAS & Exposed Controls • PFAS & Unexposed Controls • ARND & Exposed Controls • ARND & Unexposed Controls |
1
The “All Children” group is not included in any of the Table 1 analyses.
2
Scores of 4 or 5 on Astley Lip Philtrum Guide.
3
Scores of 4 or 5 on Astley Lip Philtrum Guide.
4 Dunnett's C post hoc analyses show the following groups differ at the P = .05 level: FAS & Exposed Controls, FAS & Unexposed Controls, PFAS & Unexposed Controls, ARND & Unexposed Controls, Exposed & Unexposed Controls.