Table 5. Associations between normal weight obesity defined as the sum of the triceps and subscapular skinfolds >90th percentile with metabolic syndrome and its components and insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity and β cell function, 1978/79 Ribeirão Preto birth cohort.
| Normal weight obesity | % | Model 1a OR (95% CI) | P e | Model 2b OR (95% CI) | P e | Model 3c OR (95% CI) | P e | Model 4d OR (95% CI) | P e |
| Metabolic Syndrome – JISf | |||||||||
| No | 1.3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 8.1 | 6.83 (2.84–16.47) | <0.001 | 7.22 (2.92–17.85) | <0.001 | 8.89 (3.32–4.47) | <0.001 | ||
| High waist circumferenceg | |||||||||
| No | 4.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 28.8 | 8.46 (5.09–14.04) | <0.001 | 8.37 (5.01–13.99) | <0.001 | 9.27 (5.32–16.15) | <0.001 | ||
| Low High Density Lipoproteinh | |||||||||
| No | 33.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 45.0 | 1.65 (1.11–2.47) | 0.014 | 1.55 (1.02–2.33) | 0.038 | 1.53 (1.00–2.34) | 0.053 | 1.09 (0.69–1.72) | 0.721 |
| High triglyceridesi | |||||||||
| No | 6.2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 11.9 | 1.93 (1.02–3.64) | 0.042 | 1.91 (1.01–3.63) | 0.048 | 1.89 (0.97–3.70) | 0.062 | 1.18 (0.57–2.45) | 0.649 |
| High blood pressurej | |||||||||
| No | 14.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 16.2 | 1.11 (0.62–1.97) | 0.729 | 1.19 (0.66–2.13) | 0.565 | 1.17 (0.65–2.13) | 0.598 | 0.87 (0.46–1.67) | 0.680 |
| High blood glucosek | |||||||||
| No | 2.6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 5.5 | 2.10 (0.84–5.23) | 0.110 | 2.24 (0.89–5.69) | 0.089 | 2.68 (1.01–7.12) | 0.048 | 1.60 (0.54–4.76) | 0.395 |
| HOMA2- Insulin resistancel | |||||||||
| No | 1.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 6.5 | 3.81 (1.57–9.28) | 0.003 | 4.01 (1.63–9.87) | 0.003 | 4.91 (1.85–13.04) | 0.001 | 2.94 (1.00–8.68) | 0.005 |
| Low HOMA2- Insulin sensitivitym | |||||||||
| No | 8.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 26.2 | 3.89 (2.39–6.33) | <0.001 | 4.01 (2.45–6.57) | <0.001 | 4.14 (2.45–6.99) | <0.001 | 2.22 (1.25–3.96) | 0.007 |
| High HOMA2- β cell functionn | |||||||||
| No | 9.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 16.8 | 2.17 (1.24–3.80) | 0.007 | 2.48 (1.27–3.97) | 0.005 | 2.26 (1.25–4.08) | 0.007 | 1.58 (0.83–3.00) | 0.162 |
Abbreviations: OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment. aadjusted for age, sex and skin color. badjusted for age, sex, skin colour and early life variables (birth weight, gestational age at birth, maternal schooling, parity, type of delivery and maternal smoking during pregnancy). cadjusted for age, sex, skin colour, early and adult life variables (alcohol consumption, family income, schooling, marital status, smoking, percentage of fat in the diet and physical activity). dadjusted for age, sex, skin colour, early and adult life variables plus WC. eP value calculated by the log-likelihood ratio test. fdefined according to the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) of the IDF Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation, International Atherosclerosis Society and International Association for the Study of Obesity. ghigh waist circumference (≥90 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women). hlow HDL-cholesterol (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women). iincreased triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL, use of lipid medications or self-reported diagnosis of hypertriglyceridemia). jincreased blood pressure (BP) (systolic pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure ≥85 mmHg, current usage of antihypertensive drugs or previous diagnosis of hypertension). khigh fasting blood glucose (≥100 mg/dL), current use of anti-diabetic medication or previously diagnosed diabetes. lBased on the Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study - BRAMS criterion (2009) - HOMA2- Insulin resistance >2.8. mHOMA2- Insulin sensitivity was considered low if <90th percentile and normal otherwise. nHOMA2- β cell function was considered high if >90th percentile and normal otherwise.